Boolean Operators

Once you have identified key concepts in your search, you will need to combine them. Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT can be used in most databases and many search engines to combine your search terms depending on whether you want to broaden or narrow your search.

AND - finds all records which include both words/phrases

bullying and teenagers

 

Use AND to narrow your results.

OR - finds all records which include either or both words/phrases (use with synonyms)
teenagers or adolescents

 

Use OR to broaden your results.
***** AND is grand, but OR is more!! *****
You may also combine AND and OR:
bullying

and

teenagers or adolescents
Many search systems (usually in Advanced Search mode) provide boxes to separate your search terms:
But, you can combine your terms on one line as well. It's up to you.
NOTE: When using AND and OR in the same statement, use parentheses to put terms into logical groupings (as in this Basic Search box).
The database combines the terms in the parentheses first, and then combines those with the rest of the search terms.  Without the parentheses, the computer may interpret your statement in an erroneous way:
bullying and adolescents or teenagers
iDevice icon Think about it ...
What results would you get with the statement -- bullying and adolescents or teenagers ?
There's still another Boolean Operator we haven't mentioned -- NOT

NOT finds records which include one term but not the other
Use NOT with caution! You may exclude valuable records that include both words.

teenagers not children -- this would exclude records that include teenagers and children
IDevice Icon Sample Search using Boolean Operators
Remember when we tried to search our topic word-for-word?
S1 What is the relationship between bullying and suicide among teenagers? Results: (0)

Now, let's try to search with Boolean Operators:

S2

bullying and suicide and (teenagers or adolescents)

Results: (44)
S3 (bullying or harassment or cyberbullying) and suicide and (teenagers or teens or adolescents or adolescence)
(64)

Copyright 2010-2012 Old Dominion University -- ODU Libraries, updated September 2012