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Desegregation of |
| Submission ID: | 1 | ||
| Record added by: | Yaco, Sonia | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 |
| Record modified by: | Yaco, Sonia | Date modified: | Sat Apr 11 2009 |
| Resource Title: | Desegregation Records | Repository: | University of Richmond Libraries |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | Segregation in education | |
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | Defunct Series - documents the desegregation of public schools in the Commonwealth of Virginia between 1952 and 1978. Files documenting desegregation may also be found in Series 008111, “School System Studies and Reports: Final Record Copy - Historically Significant”, Series 008117, “Superintendent's Administrative Records: Policy and Program Development”, and Series 008118, "Superintendent’s Legal Opinions File”. | ||
| Date(s) | 1952 - 1978 | Type(s) | Government papers |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | unknown | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 2 | ||
| Record added by: | Yaco, Sonia | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 |
| Record modified by: | Yaco, Sonia | Date modified: | Mon Oct 12 2009 |
| Resource Title: | WRVA Radio Collection | Repository: | LVA |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1951- | ||
| Description: | The Library of Virginia's WRVA Radio Collection covers three-quarters of a century, from the station's founding to the end of the twentieth century. It includes a wide array of materials related to the history of WRVA, including incorporation files, memos, meeting minutes, FCC license renewal applications, and newsletters; materials about its programs and listener responses to its programs; information on specific employees and announcers such as Alden Aaroe, Bertha Hewlett, Tim Timberlake, and others; and publications promoting WRVA and the Richmond area market to advertisers. The collection also includes photographs; sound recordings; and numerous other documents and memorabilia items related to the station. The series of sound recordings included in the WRVA collection includes 637 CDs reformatted with funds provided by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission. These recordings document an astonishing variety of programs, personalities, and events related to the radio station and its development. Popular musical programs and performers, including the Old Dominion Barn Dance and the Corn Cob Pipe Club, figure prominently in this collection, as do the station’s live reports and commentary on news events of local, state, national, and international significance between the 1930s and 1990s. Numerous special anniversary programs broadcast by the station provide a rich body of information on the station and its history, and feature synopses of important news events covered by WRVA throughout its history. | ||
| Date(s) | 1925 - 2000 | Type(s) | Broadcast-radio |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | state-wide | ||
| Size: | ca. 48 cubic feet and 637 compact discs | ||
| Submission ID: | 3 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Thu Dec 18 2008 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Western District of Virginia, Lynchburg Division, Civil Action Case #66-C-10-L-Sweet Briar Institute vs. Button et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | Segregation in education | |
| Additional Keywords: | Virginia Norfolk | ||
| Description: | In 1966, Sweet Briar Institute, a women’s college founded in 1901 in Amherst, Virginia, matriculated its first African-American student. The Attorney General of the State of Virginia and the Commonwealth Attorney for Amherst County Virginia filed an injunction against Sweet Briar Institute, claiming that the Institute was in violation of the Will of Indiana Fletcher Williams. The Will, probated in 1901, bequeathed the land for the establishment of Sweet Briar Institute on the condition that only white females be admitted as students. In April 1966, Sweet Briar Institute filed suit in the Amherst County Court and in the U.S. District Court in Lynchburg asking that a restraining order against the state injunction be issued. Sweet Briar argued that the State and County’s enforcement of the racially restrictive provisions of the Will was harmful to Sweet Briar’s ability to attract top-quality faculty and students to the college and to receive federal education grants. -The District Court promptly issued the restraining order. The defendants appealed the restraining order and asked that the case be heard before a three-judge panel. In July 1966 the case was argued before the three-judge panel in Charlottesville. The plaintiffs asked the panel to uphold the district court’s restraining order. The defendants requested that as long as the case was still pending in the Amherst County Court that the Federal court abstain from ruling on the restraining order until the county case was concluded. In December 1966, the three-judge panel ruled against Sweet Briar Institute by deciding to abstain from intervening against the injunction filed by the State of Virginia and Amherst County against Sweet Briar Institute. Sweet Briar Institute appealed this ruling to the U.S. Supreme Court, which, in May 1967 overturned the decision of the three-judge panel and ordered that the District Court’s restraining order against the State of Virginia and Amherst County be enforced; which was done by the District Court in July 1967. | ||
| Date(s) | none - | Type(s) | Legal documents |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Amherst, Virginia | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 4 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Glenn | Date modified: | Fri Apr 03 2009 |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Western District of Virginia, Roanoke, Civil Action Case # 341: P. C. Corbin vs. the County School Board of Pulaski County, Virginia | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | In 1947, African American attorneys Oliver Hill and Spottswood Robinson represented a legal suit initiated by Dr. P. C. Corbin on behalf of his son, Mahatma Corbin. This case became part of a movement of local class-action lawsuits orchestrated by Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP Legal Defense Fund to equalize the public education of blacks. Mahatma Corbin v. County School Board of Pulaski County was one of the last equalization cases the NAACP Legal Defense undertook before pursuing the Virginia desegregation case, Davis v. County School Board Prince Edward County. Dr. Corbin filed this lawsuit in Virginia federal court with the intent to achieve an improved education environment for his son. The bus ride to Christiansburg was very long and cold. The school was poorly heated and also too cold. A young girl had died of tuberculosis in 1941 partly due to the conditions, according to briefs filed. The Christiansburg School was also below standard and did not provide adequate preparation for college. As evidence, the legal team presented extensive photographs of school conditions. Spottswood and Hill lost the first round in the Virginia federal court. Six months later, in November 1949, Baltimore's U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals came down on Corbin's side: The courts, the judge pronounced, have a "solemn duty" to strike down "forbidden racial discrimination." A school board spokesman said officials were "shocked" by the decision, insisting that "no discrimination against Negroes existed." A week later the board met to discuss a possible Supreme Court appeal. At that meeting, the board refused to provide high school facilities for blacks in Pulaski. The case proceeded no further. Shortly thereafter, the NAACP rolled out a new strategy attacking segregation head-on in the Supreme Court. Local battles for equalization were abandoned. | ||
| Date(s) | none - | Type(s) | Legal documents; Photographs |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Pulaski County | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 5 | ||
| Record added by: | Yaco, Sonia | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 |
| Record modified by: | Yaco, Sonia | Date modified: | Sat Apr 11 2009 |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Western District of Virginia, Lynchburg Division, Civil Action Case #534-Jackson et al vs. School Board of Lynchburg | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | In September 1961, the parents of Cecelia Jackson, Linda Woodruff, Owen Cardwell, and Brenda Hughes filed suit against the School Board of Lynchburg and the Pupil Placement Board of the Commonwealth of Virginia in U.S. District Court. The plaintiffs petitioned the court to have their children admitted to the all-white E.C. Glass High School in Lynchburg, alleging that the school board of Lynchburg was not complying with the Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court rulings that called for school desegregation. In November 1961, Judge Thomas Michie ordered the school board of Lynchburg to admit Linda Woodruff and Owen Cardwell to E.C. Glass High School but denied admission to Cecelia Jackson and Brenda Hughes, claiming that their grades and low-scores in their aptitude tests made them academically unfit for admission to E.C. Glass High School. Judge Michie also ordered the school board to submit a plan for desegregating the Lynchburg school system. The school board submitted a plan in February 1962 calling for the desegregation of the Lynchburg school system at one grade per year. The Judge approved the plan. The plaintiffs appealed the judge’s ruling with regards to Cecelia Jackson and Brenda Hughes and the desegregation plan submitted by the school board of Lynchburg to the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals. In September 1962, the Court of Appeals reversed the Michie’s ruling denying admission of Jackson and Hughes to the E.C. Glass School and the desegregation plan of the Lynchburg School Board. Jackson and Hughes were ordered to be admitted to the E.C. Glass High School and the School Board of Lynchburg was ordered to submit a new plan for desegregation. For the next nine years the case would continue to be adjudicated with regards to handling the question as to how and when the Lynchburg School system would be desegregated. It would not be until 1971 that a final plan would be put into effect that created a racially balanced school district in the City of Lynchburg. | ||
| Date(s) | 1961 - 1971 | Type(s) | Legal documents |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Lynchburg | ||
| Size: | unknown | ||
| Submission ID: | 6 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Thu Dec 18 2008 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Western District of Virginia, Charlottesville, Civil Action Case #30: Gregory Hayes Swanson v. The Rector and the Visitors of the University of Virginia | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | In the summer of 1950, an African American lawyer named Gregory Swanson applied to take additional graduate courses at the University of Virginia’s Law School. Swanson had graduated from the Howard Law School and was seeking to take graduate courses at the University of Virginia. However, when Swanson applied to the school, his application was denied because of his race. At the time, Virginia’s higher education segregation laws did not permit African Americans from entering a white school. As a result, Swanson –with the help of Thurgood Marshall and Charles Houston – took the case to the Western District Court of Virginia. During the Court’s proceedings, Swanson pointed out that he would have been accepted to the school had he been a white with the same qualifications. During the trial, Swanson told the court that he was merely trying to exercise his legal right to freedom of discrimination. While the segregation laws of Virginia were designed to prevent blacks from entering schools of higher education, the laws clearly had a bigger enemy than Swanson: the United States Constitution. The 14th Amendment states that, “No state can make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States.” Furthermore, Swanson’s legal team brought to light two other desegregation cases in their arguments. Pearson v. Murray stated that the state cannot undertake the function of education in law, and that no person may be omitted from education because of skin color. The case also stated that students must be offered equal treatment and be admitted to the school provided. The second case, “Sweatt v. Painter”, took place in Texas. The court’s ruling backed Swanson’s argument by saying that “We hold that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that the petitioner be admitted to the University of Texas Law School.” In reaching the final decision, the three US Circuit judges agreed that Swanson was denied entry in to the University of Virginia Law School solely because he was a member of the “Negro Race”. The judges went on to say that Swanson possessed all of the scholastic and moral qualifications necessary for him to be accepted into the Law School. By use of the 14th Amendment, Swanson and his legal team were able to break down the race barriers that were designed to keep African-Americans out of Virginia higher educational facilities. This landmark decision by the Western District of Virginia successfully concluded that no person could be held back from a higher education exclusively because of their race or skin color. | ||
| Date(s) | none - | Type(s) | Legal documents |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Charlottesville | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 7 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Thu Dec 18 2008 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case # 3536: United States v. County School Board of Prince George County, et al. | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | In 1962, the Department of Defense recognized the matter of desegregating educational facilities and family housing on military bases, in particular Fort Lee, Virginia. Fourteen years prior to the case President Harry Truman issued Executive Order 9981 stating that the highest standards of democracy were to be maintained in the armed forces; equality of treatment and opportunity were to be implemented immediately. Coincidentally, African-American servicemen and their children did not receive the equal rights guaranteed under Truman’s Order. As a result, the case was brought before the Eastern District court of Richmond, pitting the Department of Defense against the School board; specifically the Pupil Placement Board of Petersburg and St. George County. During the trial the prosecution showed the court that not only were the defendants blatantly refusing accommodation for minority students but the Board had a policy in effect that prevented minority children from receiving the same rights during the application process. Citing Truman’s Order, the 14th Amendment and the fact that they honorably served their country during war time, the servicemen won the case. All schools on military bases were to be desegregated without delay. This case led to a 1963 directive written by Secretary of State McNamara that stated the immediate elimination of discrimination in family housing. | ||
| Date(s) | none - | Type(s) | Legal documents |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Prince George County | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 8 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Thu Dec 18 2008 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case # 4266: Charles C. Green et al. v. County School Board of New Kent County (VA) | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | On March 15, 1965, the parents of Charles C. Green and 35 other plaintiffs filed suit in U.S. District Court alleging that the County School Board of New Kent County (VA) had failed to properly desegregate the student population and faculty of the New Kent County school system. The plaintiffs were petitioning the court to order the New Kent County school board to comply with Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court rulings and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 legislation. The case was tried in May 1966 and a plan for the desegregation of the New Kent County school system was submitted by the School Board. The plan called for all families to have the “freedom-of-choice” to send their children to whatever school they desired. The District Court approved this plan in June 1966. The plaintiffs appealed this ruling to the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals, stating the desegregation plan did not properly achieve true racial integration. The plaintiffs stated that whereas African-American students could choose to attend the formerly all-white New Kent County school, white students were refusing to attend the formerly all African-American George Watkins school thus making the latter school a racially segregated educational facility. The Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the District Court’s approval of the school board’s “Freedom-of-Choice” plan whereupon the plaintiffs appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruled in May 1968 that the “Freedom-of-choice” plan failed to meet the standard of school desegregation. The Supreme Court vacated the District Court and Circuit Court’s approval of the “freedom-of-choice” plan and ordered the District Court to order the New Kent County School Board to come up with a new plan. In August 1968 the District Court ordered that the New Kent County school board adopt a plan for integrating its schools and that each school’s student body have a minimum of 25% minority representation. The Green case is important because it set a judicial precedent used by other federal district courts in the 1970s in mandating busing and other desegregation actions in order to achieve a truly non-racial system of public education in America. | ||
| Date(s) | none - | Type(s) | Legal documents |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | New Kent County | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 9 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Thu Dec 18 2008 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case # 1333-Davis et al vs. County School Board of Prince Edward County | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | The Dorothy Davis case raised the issue of equality between the county's white and non-white schools. Prince Edward County, Virginia, had three high schools at the time: the whites-only Farmville and Worsham high schools, and the blacks-only Moton high school. As demonstrated by testimony and photographs, the educational facilities and courses were decidedly not equal. When the U.S. District Court ruled in favor of the defendants, the plaintiffs appealed to the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals. Eventually, the Dorothy Davis case became one of the five cases decided by the United States Supreme Court under the name of Brown v. Board of Education. Having decided in Brown that the separate but equal doctrine laid out in previous decisions was no longer valid, the Supreme Court ordered the desegregation of all public school districts. However, the decree from the United States District Court allowed Prince Edward County to continue operating as before until a statewide desegregation policy was established. Like so many other school districts, Prince Edward County fought the Supreme Court decision. Their tactics were unorthodox – rather than desegregate the school system, they simply closed the public schools. A private school, funded with vouchers from the County School Board, was founded which accepted only the white children of the county. The Davis case was resurrected first as Eva Allen v. the County School Board and later as Cocheyse J. Griffin v. the County School Board in order to force Prince Edward County to reopen the public schools and follow the original mandate of the Supreme Court. Finally, in 1964 the Supreme Court ruled that the county was required to provide public education to all children. Appeals of this case were filed in RG 276, Records of the U.S. Court of Appeals, 4th Circuit Case Files # 7829, 8837, 9597 and 10,191. | ||
| Date(s) | none - | Type(s) | Legal documents; Photographs |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Prince Edward County | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 10 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Thu Dec 18 2008 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Norfolk Division, Civil Action Case #50: Walter B. Alston, et al. vs. School Board of the City of Norfolk, et al. | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | In October of 1938, attorney Thurgood Marshall filed a petition for Norfolk teacher Arline Black. Black was seeking salary equalization from the School Board of the City of Norfolk and was consequently fired. After Black moved to New York, Marshall filed the suit on behalf of Melvin Alston, president of the Norfolk Teachers Association. Though they lost the first case, a federal appeals court ordered that African-American teachers should be paid salaries equal to those of white teachers. The plaintiffs in the case stated that their constitutional right of “equal protection”- guaranteed under the 14th Amendment - was being violated due to the school board discriminating on the grounds of race and color. The 1940 case found that white and African-American public school teachers with comparable qualifications needed to be paid equally. This case was one of the first cases to assert equal educational rights for African-Americans. | ||
| Date(s) | none - | Type(s) | Legal documents |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Norfolk | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 11 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Thu Dec 18 2008 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia -Newport News Division, Civil Action Case # 489-Jerome Atkins, et al vs. School Board of the City of Newport News, VA, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | In April 1956, the parents of Jerome Atkins and 53 other children filed suit in the U.S. District Court that the school board of Newport News, VA, was denying the plaintiffs their civil rights under the 14th Amendment by continuing to enforce racial segregation in the city schools. The plaintiffs petitioned the Court to restrain the school board from barring admission to any student on the grounds of race. The lead attorney for the plaintiffs was future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall. Trial proceedings were held in November 1956 and in February 1957, the District Court ruled that racial segregation in the Newport News school system must end and that the schools must be opened on an integrated basis by the start of the 1957-1958 school year. The defendants appealed the ruling to the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals. In July 1957, the Circuit Court upheld the District Court’s decision ending racial segregation in the Newport News school system. | ||
| Date(s) | none - | Type(s) | Legal documents |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Newport News | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 12 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Mel Frizzell | Date modified: | Tue Oct 13 2009 |
| Resource Title: | Norfolk Women's Oral history | Repository: | Old Dominion University Special Collections and University Archives |
| Creator: | ODU History 495/595 Students | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | http://www.lib.odu.edu/special/oralhistory/womenhistory/ | Subject(s) | African American students; Public schools; School children; School closings; School integration—Massive resistance movement |
| Additional Keywords: | Ruth James; Edith White; Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation | ||
| Description: | The 8 interviews included in this collection were conducted for the Old Dominion University History course 495/595: "Recapturing Women's History: Local and National," taught by Dr. Dorothy Johnson in the Fall of 1982. Each interview includes a brief biographical sketch of the person interviewed and a typed transcript. Related to women involved with religion (Mueller, Park ), medicine (Hill, Morris), education (James, White), and the Girl Scout Movement in Norfolk (Harris, Ogg). Some of these relate to Massive Resistance in Norfolk and the Norfolk School closings, these include Ruth James and Edith White. | ||
| Date(s) | 1982 - 1982 | Type(s) | Oral History |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Virginia--Norfolk | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 13 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Mel Frizzell | Date modified: | Tue Oct 13 2009 |
| Resource Title: | Women’s Council for Interracial Cooperation (1945- | Repository: | Old Dominion University Special Collections and University Archives |
| Creator: | Women’s Council for Interracial Cooperation | Identifier: | MG 54 |
| Relation: | http://www.lib.odu.edu/special/manuscripts/wcic.htm | Subject(s) | African Americans—Civil rights; African Americans—Segregation; School integration—Massive resistance movement |
| Additional Keywords: | Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation | ||
| Description: | Founded in 1945 as an interracial organization designed to address concerns with education, health, and housing among the Afro-American community in Norfolk. Predecessor to the Norfolk Human Relations Council. Includes correspondence, newspapers clippings, minutes, reports, pamphlets, and membership lists. Bulk of the organization’s records are in the archives at Norfolk State University. | ||
| Date(s) | 1945 - 1960 | Type(s) | Annual reports; Clippings; Correspondence; Minutes; Organizational Records; Pamphlets; Reports |
| Access Restrictions: | Open to researchers without restrictions. Questions on literary property rights should be directed to the Special Collections Librarian. | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Virginia--Norfolk | ||
| Size: | One Hollinger Documents Case | ||
| Submission ID: | 14 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Tue Oct 13 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | Margaret White | Repository: | Old Dominion University Special Collections and University Archives |
| Creator: | Margaret White | Identifier: | MG 20 |
| Relation: | http://www.lib.odu.edu/special/manuscripts/whitemargaret.htm | Subject(s) | School integration |
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | Taught in the Norfolk school system off and on since 1930. Involved in struggle to reopen the public schools during the integration crisis. CBS television documentary, "The Lost Class of ’59" recorded her efforts. Correspondence and printed material, the bulk of which dates from 1959-1964, chiefly relates to the CBS documentary. Member of the Norfolk Committee for Public Schools. | ||
| Date(s) | 1953 - 1976 | Type(s) | Correspondence |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Norfolk | ||
| Size: | .5 | ||
| Submission ID: | 16 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Kathleen Smith | Date modified: | Mon Oct 12 2009 |
| Resource Title: | Arlington County Public Schools: Desegregation Material (Record Group 69) | Repository: | Virginia Room of Arlington County Public Library |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School integration | |
| Additional Keywords: | Public schools--Virginia--Arlington | ||
| Description: | Information related to the integration of Arlington County public schools, including history, redistricting, pupil distribution, and boundary maps. | ||
| Date(s) | 1954 - 1976 | Type(s) | |
| Access Restrictions: | The patron is responsible for obtaining any necessary copyright interests and/or literary rights from the owners/donors/heirs pursuant to publishing any work which cites, reproduces, or interprets non-published materials. The Library will not assume responsibility for infringement or libel. All published works, research papers, and exhibits which are based on, have reproductions of, or have been interpreted from Virginia Room non-published holdings must give credit to: | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Arlington County | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 17 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Thu Dec 18 2008 | |
| Resource Title: | Arlington County Public Schools | Repository: | Virginia Room of Arlington County Public Library |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | Record Group 7 |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | Unofficial records of the Arlington County, Virginia, school system | ||
| Date(s) | 1946 - 1988 | Type(s) | Organizational Records |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Arlington County | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 18 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Thu Dec 18 2008 | |
| Resource Title: | none | Repository: | Vanderbilt Television News Archives |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School integration—Massive resistance movement | |
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | none | ||
| Date(s) | 1968 - present | Type(s) | Broadcast-Television-News |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Norfolk and elsewhere | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 19 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Kathleen Smith | Date modified: | Mon Oct 12 2009 |
| Resource Title: | Prince Edward County Free School 1969-38 | Repository: | Virginia State University |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | Acc. #1969-38 |
| Relation: | http://library.vsu.edu/collection/archivcoll.htm | Subject(s) | African American students; School closings; School integration—Massive resistance movement; Tutors and tutoring |
| Additional Keywords: | Public schools--Virginia--Prince Edward County | ||
| Description: | Between the years 1959 and 1963, there were no public schools in Prince Edward County, Virginia. After five long years the County and State allowed Prince Edward’s schools to reopen. Because the black children in the county had no school during this period of time (the white students attended an all white academy) it was thought best to organize a free school which would pave the way for hundreds of young children to return to school after a five year absence. The Prince Edward County, Virginia (free school) papers are the records of that effort. The papers contain correspondence, reports, photographs and other items, which document this sad period in Virginia History. | ||
| Date(s) | 1963 - 1967 | Type(s) | Clippings; Correspondence; Photographs; Reports |
| Access Restrictions: | There are no restrictions. | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Prince Edward County | ||
| Size: | ca 50,000 items | ||
| Submission ID: | 20 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Mel Frizzell | Date modified: | Mon Oct 12 2009 |
| Resource Title: | AFSC Work in the Prince Edward County Virginia School Closing Issue | Repository: | American Friends Service Committee |
| Creator: | American Friends Service Committee | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | http://webarchive.afsc.org/archives/princeedward/princeed.htm | Subject(s) | African Americans—Civil rights; African Americans—Segregation; School closings; School integration—Massive resistance movement |
| Additional Keywords: | Public schools--Virginia--Prince Edward County; American Friends Service Committee | ||
| Description: | The material provides details about the Emergency Student Placement Program as well as some locally organized activities in Farmville, Virginia. Many of the documents represent observations about events and conditions associated with the Prince Edward County school closing issue. These may be of particular interest to historians, journalists, documentary producers, educators, legal authorities, among others, especially as they bear on the origin and history of the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 school desegregation decision and subsequent civil rights developments. | ||
| Date(s) | 1959 - 1965 | Type(s) | Annual reports; Correspondence; Minutes; Narrative; Organizational Records |
| Access Restrictions: | researchers must apply for access | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Prince Edward County | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 21 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government | Repository: | UVa |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | This group was appointed by the General Assembly to study and publish on "constitutional government," but it was a thinly veiled attempt to legitimize segregation after Brown | ||
| Date(s) | none - | Type(s) | -------------------------------- |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Statewide | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 22 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Tue Jan 06 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | Dean F.D.G. Ribble | Repository: | University of Virginia, Law Library |
| Creator: | Dean F.D.G. Ribble | Identifier: | MS 82-1017 |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | His appointment to the Gray commission and involvement with the Prince Edward Free School Association | ||
| Date(s) | none - | Type(s) | |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Statewide | ||
| Size: | 4 folders | ||
| Submission ID: | 25 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | none | Repository: | LVA |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | CBS News report concerning the United States Supreme Court's refusal to overturn a lower court ruling against Virginia's Pupil Placement Board. | ||
| Date(s) | none - | Type(s) | Broadcast-radio |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Statewide | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 26 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | none | Repository: | LVA |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | Virginia Public Placement Board | ||
| Date(s) | 1958 - 1966 | Type(s) | Organizational Records |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Statewide | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 27 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | G 21 | Repository: | LVA |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | desegregation files | ||
| Date(s) | none - | Type(s) | Organizational Records |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Statewide | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 28 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | none | Repository: | LVA |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | partially based on the papers of Judge John Paul who was the district court judge who ruled that the Charlottesville schools had to reopen with a plan of integration. He was also involved in the Warren County school cases. In these files we have Paul's correspondence with attorneys such as Oliver Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, John S. Battle, and Lindsay Almond as well as court motions, orders etc | ||
| Date(s) | none - | Type(s) | Memorabilia |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Charlottesville | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 29 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | none | Repository: | UVa |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | from the Richmond Times Dispatch on the integration of the Richmond schools and the attempted annexation of areas of the surrounding county by Richmond in the 60s and 70s. | ||
| Date(s) | none - | Type(s) | Clippings |
| Access Restrictions: | none | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | none | ||
| Size: | 10 big boxes | ||
| Submission ID: | 30 | ||
| Record added by: | Yaco, Sonia | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 |
| Record modified by: | Yaco, Sonia | Date modified: | Fri Apr 03 2009 |
| Resource Title: | School Board Minutes | Repository: | City of Chesapeake |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | none |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | none | ||
| Date(s) | pre-Civil War - | Type(s) | Minutes; Organizational Records |
| Access Restrictions: | Researchers must apply for access | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Norfolk County, Chesapeake | ||
| Size: | none | ||
| Submission ID: | 31 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Mel Frizzell | Date modified: | Tue Oct 13 2009 |
| Resource Title: | Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation | Repository: | Old Dominion University Special Collections and University Archives |
| Creator: | Norfolk Public Schools | Identifier: | MG 92 |
| Relation: | http://www.lib.odu.edu/special/manuscripts/nps.htm | Subject(s) | African American students; Busing for school integration; High school students; Middle school students; Public schools; School children; School closings; School integration; School integration—Massive resistance movement; Segregation in education; United States. Supreme Court |
| Additional Keywords: | Norfolk Public Schools | ||
| Description: | This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools in as mandated by the "Massive Resistance" law. Other letters during this time period discuss allowing groups to meet in those schools as long as the schools would not be used for educational purposes. The donated material also includes school directories from 1922 -1990 and school calendars from 1952 - 2008. | ||
| Date(s) | 1922 - 2008 | Type(s) | Clippings; Correspondence; Legal documents; Organizational Records; Reports |
| Access Restrictions: | To access this collection, researchers must first sign a non-disclosure statement in order to protect confidential information. Questions on literary property rights should be directed to the Special Collections Librarian. | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Norfolk | ||
| Size: | 34 Hollinger Document Cases; 2 oversized Hollinger boxes | ||
| Submission ID: | 36 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Mel Frizzell | Date modified: | Tue Oct 13 2009 |
| Resource Title: | Massive Resistance | Repository: | Old Dominion University Special Collections and University Archives |
| Creator: | none | Identifier: | MG 98 |
| Relation: | http://www.lib.odu.edu/special/manuscripts/index.htm | Subject(s) | School closings; School integration—Massive resistance movement |
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | Consists of 20 folders of regional and national newspaper clippings covering the “Massive Resistance” movement and public reaction to the de-segregation and subsequent closing of some of Norfolk’s public schools. Also discussed are state and local politicians such as Governor Lindsay Almond, Jr., who ordered the closing the Norfolk schools that enrolled African American students, and Mayor William Fred Duckworth, who opposed de-segregating the public schools. Some of the clippings discuss the fate of those students whose graduation was put in jeopardy by the school closing, known as "The Lost Class of ’59." | ||
| Date(s) | 1958 - 1960 | Type(s) | Clippings |
| Access Restrictions: | Open to researchers without restriction. Questions on copyright should be directed to the Special Collections Librarian. | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Virginia; Virginia-Norfolk | ||
| Size: | 20 folders | ||
| Submission ID: | 37 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Mel Frizzell | Date modified: | Tue Oct 13 2009 |
| Resource Title: | Schweitzer, Paul T. | Repository: | Old Dominion University Special Collections and University Archives |
| Creator: | Schweitzer, Paul T. | Identifier: | MG 16 |
| Relation: | http://www.lib.odu.edu/special/manuscripts/schweitzer.htm | Subject(s) | School children; School integration—Massive resistance movement |
| Additional Keywords: | Norfolk School Board; Norfolk City Council | ||
| Description: | Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk’s desegregation crisis. | ||
| Date(s) | 1903 - 1976 | Type(s) | Clippings; Correspondence; Legal documents; Photographs |
| Access Restrictions: | Open to researchers without restrictions. Questions on literary property rights should be directed to the Special Collections Librarian. | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Virginia--Norfolk | ||
| Size: | Three Hollinger Documents Cases and One Hollinger Drop-Front Print Box | ||
| Submission ID: | 38 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Sep 24 2008 | |
| Record modified by: | Mel Frizzell | Date modified: | Tue Oct 13 2009 |
| Resource Title: | Stephens, A.E.S. | Repository: | Old Dominion University Special Collections and University Archives |
| Creator: | Stephens, A.E.S. | Identifier: | MG 19 |
| Relation: | http://www.lib.odu.edu/special/manuscripts/stephens.htm | Subject(s) | African Americans—Civil rights; Race relations; School integration; School integration—Massive resistance movement |
| Additional Keywords: | none | ||
| Description: | Served in both the House of Delegates (1929-1941) and the State Senate (1941-1952), and as Lieutenant Governor (1952-1961). Ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1961 against Albertis Harrison. Centers around this unsuccessful campaign and contains papers focusing on the issue of Massive Resistance to integration, dating to the early 1950s. | ||
| Date(s) | 1900 - 1973 | Type(s) | Clippings; Correspondence; Photographs |
| Access Restrictions: | Open to researchers without restrictions. Questions on literary property rights should be directed to the Special Collections Librarian | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Virginia | ||
| Size: | 6 Hollinger Document Cases | ||
| Submission ID: | 39 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Mon Sep 29 2008 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Tue Oct 13 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | William Frederick Duckworth | Repository: | Old Dominion University Special Collections and University Archives |
| Creator: | William Frederick Duckworth | Identifier: | MG 45 |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School closings; School integration—Massive resistance movement | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Mayor of Norfolk 1950-1962. Father of the Douglas MacArthur Memorial in downtown Norfolk. Founder and President of the General Douglas MacArthur Foundation. Collection consists of artifacts, newspaper clippings and scrapbooks documenting his activities in politics and as a businessman, and civic leader. Duckworth was mayor during the school closing crisis of 1958. | ||
| Date(s) | 1899 - 1972 | Type(s) | Clippings; Memorabilia; Photographs |
| Access Restrictions: | None | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Norfolk Va | ||
| Size: | 2 Hollinger Boxes and 9 Oversize Boxes | ||
| Submission ID: | 41 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Thu Oct 16 2008 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Benjamin Muse Papers | Repository: | Sallie Bingham Center for Women's History and Culture in Duke's Special Collection Library |
| Creator: | Benjamin Muse | Identifier: | |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Papers of Benjamin Muse, politician, journalist, experimental farmer, and civil rights activist. In 1959 Muse was given a post on the Southern Regional Council (formerly the Committee on Interracial Cooperation) and was director of their leadership project from 1959-1964. Included in the collection are fifteen speeches on the race question delivered in various places in the South. Also are drafts and notes on three of his books dealing with race relations: Virginia's Massive Resistance, Ten Years of Prelude, and The American Negro Revolution. Of particular interest is the "Memoranda," reports issued to the SRC on his conversations with Southern leaders and observations on race relations made during the five years he spent traveling through the South, when integration and the Civil Rights Movement were having their biggest impact. While predominantly conversations with white men, these reports provided detailed accounts of school desegregation, lunch counter sit-ins, and student activism throughout the south. As such they provide context for the lives of southern African-American women in the early 1960s. | ||
| Date(s) | 1919 - 1973 | Type(s) | |
| Access Restrictions: | -- | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Reston, Virginia. | ||
| Size: | 747 Items. | ||
| Submission ID: | 42 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | ||
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Repository: | Hampton Public Library | |
| Creator: | Hampton Public Schools | Identifier: | |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Hampton Public Schools records | ||
| Date(s) | - | Type(s) | Government papers; Minutes |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Hampton | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 44 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Tue Nov 11 2008 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Kathryn H. Stone Papers | Repository: | University of Virginia Library |
| Creator: | Suzanne Stone | Identifier: | Accession number 10555-c |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | There are ca. 225 items, 1916 (1941-1985) 1995, of Kathryn H. Stone consisting of correspondence, papers, and printed material pertaining to Stone and her political career, 1932-1995. Material on Burgundy Farm Country Day School consists of organizational papers, by-laws, history, and brochures, 1946-1971; and Burgundy Voices and papers concerning campus renewal and the campaign to raise funds, 1992-1995. Burgundy Farm Country Day School enrolled African-American students in 1950. Topics discussed in the correspondence include: the Governor's Commission on the Status of Women in Virginia(January 8, 1968); Stone's state papers and the George Mason Library (May 29, 1969); the National Civil Service League papers and the University of Wyoming Archive of Contemporary History (September 6, 1970); Arlington School Integration 1959-1984 (June 11, 1984); Acharya Kakasaheb Kalelkar (November 27 and December 9, 1985); the Coalition to Improve Management in State and Local Government(July 28, 1986); Stone's contribution to the Virginiana and archival collections of the Arlington County Public Library(January 23, 1985); and, personal news of family and friends, 1981-1995. Among the correspondence of the Stone children and grandchildren are letters of Abel L. Lenz and a newspaper article (post 1986) on Joanna Stone. The League of Women Voters papers contain material on woman suffrage, Anna Lord Strauss, Belle Sherwin (October 11, 1986 letter), and, the 70th anniversary of the LWV; and, also include a certificate of merit presented to Stone in 1986, a list of former board members (August 1986), and, two pamphlets. Newspaper articles, 1941-1995, pertain to Stone and her political career and include her obituaries. There are two photographs of Kathryn Haeseler (Meyers) Stone on a Camera Club Hike in 1932. Political papers include a press release on the Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress(June 11, 1945); campaign material for 1953, 1961, and 1963; statements concerning the consideration of Stone for the position of Undersecretary of Health, Education and Welfare (January 3 & 6, 1961); "Testimony of Mrs. Kathryn H. Stone...before the State Mental Hygiene and Hospital Board, Richmond, Virginia --March 9, 1961"; and, a statement pertaining to a bill to provide a minimum wage for Virginia (February 5, 1964). Material on women issues include Stone's article, "Women as Citizens," May 1947, and miscellaneous newspaper articles; material on youth issues include a broadside on "The League of Women Voters of Arlington, VA....An Adequate Juvenile Care Program...March 14, 1953, and other papers. | ||
| Date(s) | 1916 - 1995 | Type(s) | |
| Access Restrictions: | -- | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Alexandria, Arlington, Fairfax County | ||
| Size: | ca. 225 items | ||
| Submission ID: | 46 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Thu Dec 4 2008 |
| Record modified by: | Glenn Bunton | Date modified: | Thu Dec 18 2008 |
| Resource Title: | Malcolm H. Stern Papers | Repository: | American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Creator: | Malcolm H. Stern | Identifier: | Manuscript Collection No. 626 |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | In 1947 Malcolm H. Stern was elected Rabbi of Congregation Ohef Shalom in Norfolk, Virginia, serving there for 17 years. While in Norfolk, Stern spoke out strongly against segregation. SERIES B. CORRESPONDENCE, 1950-1993 Norfolk Integration, 1956-1959 | ||
| Date(s) | 1956 - 1959 | Type(s) | |
| Access Restrictions: | -- | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Norfolk | ||
| Size: | 1 folder | ||
| Submission ID: | 49 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Mon Jan 05 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Judicial papers, 1930-1964 | Repository: | University of Virginia, Law Library |
| Creator: | John Paul | Identifier: | |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | Paul, John, -- 1883-1964. | United States. -- District Court (Virginia : Western District) | Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- Virginia. | ||
| Description: | Case files, ca. 1930-1960, comprise the bulk of the collection. General civil and criminal case files are grouped separately from bankruptcy and land condemnation cases. Case files include two Virginia school desegregation cases which he heard in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Administrative files for the federal district court contain extensive documentation regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, and jury call decisions. Also included are professional correspondence, speeches and articles. Correspondents include Alfred D. Barksdale, Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, Frank S. Tavenner, Jr., and Roby C. Thompson. | ||
| Date(s) | 1930 - 1960 | Type(s) | -------------------------------- |
| Access Restrictions: | -- | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | |||
| Size: | 94 boxes (36 linear ft.) | ||
| Submission ID: | 50 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Tue Jan 06 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Virginia Council on Human Relations. Charlottesville-Albemarle Chapter | Repository: | University of Virginia Library, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, Charlottesville VA |
| Creator: | Virginia Council on Human Relations. Charlottesville-Albemarle Chapter | Identifier: | MS 81-386 |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Correspondence, minutes, speeches, bylaws, financial records, membership lists, surveys, newsletters, and clippings, relating chiefly to Hitdesegregation of public schools, fair housing, and equal employment opportunity, and also to Homeward Bound for returning Vietnam veterans, voter registration, Hitschool curricula reform, and prison reform. Includes correspondence, minutes, bylaws, financial statements, press releases, and publications of the State board of directors and executive committee; and material from HitVirginia Equal Employment Opportunity Committee, Southern Regional Council, Citizens for Superior Albemarle Schools, PTA, NAACP, Anti-Defamation League, and President's Committee on Equal Employment. Correspondents include Harry F. Byrd, Sr., Lyndon B. Johnson, Thurgood Marshall, A. Willis Robertson, and Howard W. Smith. | ||
| Date(s) | 1955 - 1970 | Type(s) | -------------------------------- |
| Access Restrictions: | -- | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Charlottesville, Albemarle | ||
| Size: | 3200 items | ||
| Submission ID: | 51 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Tue Jan 06 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Breeden, Edward L. (1905-) | Repository: | University of Virginia Library, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, Charlottesville VA |
| Creator: | Identifier: | MS 81-339 | |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | State legislator, of Virginia. Correspondence, committee papers, study commission reports, bills and resolutions, and other papers, from regular and special sessions of the Virginia House of Delegates and State Senate; together with election campaign papers, including Breeden's bid for Lt. Governor in 1971 and Presidential elections of 1956 and 1964. Includes material on public education in Virginia, particularly desegregation and interposition, and on commissions and committees on which Breeden served, namely Jamestown Festival Commission (1955-59), Democratic National Committee, Virginia Governor's Commission on Education (1959), Virginia Ports Study Commission (1959), Virginia Democratic State Central Committee, Virginia Advisory Legislative Council, and Virginia Court System Study Commission (1965-71). Correspondents include John S. Battle, Harry F. Byrd, Mills Godwin, Porter Hardy, Estes Kefauver, A. Willis Robertson, and George F. Switzer. | ||
| Date(s) | 1932 - 1972 | Type(s) | -------------------------------- |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Virginia | ||
| Size: | 32 ft. (ca. 28,000 items) | ||
| Submission ID: | 52 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Tue Jan 06 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Muse, Benjamin (1898-) | Repository: | University of Virginia Library, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, Charlottesville VA |
| Creator: | Muse, Benjamin (1898-) | Identifier: | MS 77-1240 |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | In part, microfilm of newspaper clippings which were returned to Mr. Muse. Foreign Service officer, politician, and author, of Reston, Va. Chiefly correspondence and speeches on Virginia political issues, including social security and massive resistance to desegregation in schools, and to Muse's break with the Democratic Party in 1936, his Republican gubernatorial candidacy in 1941, and his research on Virginia for "Presidential Nominating Politics in 1952" (1954) by Paul D. Theodore; chapters of a book on Muse's attitudes toward blacks; and scrapbooks of newspaper clippings. Much of the correspondence was generated by Muse's Washington Post column entitled Virginia Affairs, editorials for the Manassas Messenger, and magazine articles. Correspondents include Frank Bane, John S. Battle, Sarah (Patton) Boyle, Harry F. Byrd (1887-1966), Harry F. Byrd (b. 1914), Lenoir Chambers, Virginius Dabney, Theodore Roosevelt Dalton, Colgate W. Darden, Leslie W. Dunbar, and Patrick H. Drewry. | ||
| Date(s) | 1934 - 1966 | Type(s) | -------------------------------- |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | |||
| Size: | ca. 975 items | ||
| Submission ID: | 53 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Tue Jan 06 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Michie, Thomas Johnson (1896-1973) | Repository: | University of Virginia Library, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, Charlottesville VA |
| Creator: | Michie, Thomas Johnson (1896-1973) | Identifier: | MS 77-1236 |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Lawyer, judge, businessman, and mayor of Charlottesville, Va. Correspondence, and other business, military, personal, and political papers, his appointment as district judge of the Western District of Virginia, and Virginia Straight Democratic Committee (1960). Includes correspondence relating to Charlottesville City Council correspondence relating to civic improvement, annexation and zoning, school desegregation, and public housing. | ||
| Date(s) | 1917 - 1967 | Type(s) | -------------------------------- |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | |||
| Size: | ca. 6000 items | ||
| Submission ID: | 54 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Tue Jan 06 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Hutcheson, Joseph Collier (1906-1972) | Repository: | University of Virginia Library, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, Charlottesville VA |
| Creator: | Identifier: | MS 81-364 | |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Virginia State legislator. Chiefly correspondence, lists, petitions, speeches, memos, and other political papers; together with personal correspondence, clippings, and photos. Includes material on election campaigns, political appointments, committee assignments, public school integration, General Assembly Special Session on the Revision of the Constitution (1969), and State Commission on Public Education. Correspondents include Watkins M. Abbitt, Garland Gray, and William M. Tuck, and Hutcheson's father, Herbert Farrar Hutcheson, and brother, Charles Sterling Hutcheson. | ||
| Date(s) | 1930 - 1972 | Type(s) | -------------------------------- |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Virginia | ||
| Size: | 3 ft. (ca. 28,000 items) | ||
| Submission ID: | 55 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Tue Jan 06 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Fenwick, Charles Rogers (1901-1969) | Repository: | University of Virginia Library, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, Charlottesville VA |
| Creator: | Identifier: | MS 81-359 | |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Lawyer and State legislator, of Arlington, Va. Correspondence, minutes, financial papers, speeches, documents, biographical material, press releases, clippings, scrapbooks, and photos, relating chiefly to Fenwick's work as a member of State Democratic Central Committee and chairman of 10th District Executive Committee. Includes material on 1966 senatorial campaigns of Harry Byrd (b. 1914) and A. Willis Robertson, 1964 and 1968 national elections, 1965 gubernatorial election, and Fenwick's own 1963 and 1967 State senatorial campaigns and 1945 race for lieutenant governor and the contested results and court case in Wise County, Va.; Virginia constitutional amendments (1967-68), bond issue for higher education and mental health (1968), school integration and the Perrow commission report (1959); and his tenure as member of Board of Visitors of University of Virginia and the development and expansion of George Mason College, Fairfax, Va. Correspondents include Watkins M. Abbitt, and Harry F. Byrd, Sr. | ||
| Date(s) | - | Type(s) | -------------------------------- |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | |||
| Size: | 11 ft. (ca. 11,200 items) | ||
| Submission ID: | 56 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Tue Jan 06 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Dure, Leon | Repository: | University of Virginia Library, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, Charlottesville VA |
| Creator: | Dure, Leon | Identifier: | MS 72-1808 |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Journalist. Correspondence, essays, articles, and clippings, relating to the development and implementation of freedom of choice plans for school desegregation. Correspondents include James Lindsay Almond, Harry Flood Byrd, Virginius Dabney, Hardy Cross Dillard, Albertis Sydney Harrison, Burr Powell Harrison, James Jackson Kilpatrick, Francis Pickens Miller, Absolam Willis Robertson, Frederick Deane Goodwin Ribble, Howard Worth Smith, and Herbert Wechsler. | ||
| Date(s) | 1957 - 1970 | Type(s) | -------------------------------- |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Virginia | ||
| Size: | 2 ft. (ca. 2400 items) | ||
| Submission ID: | 57 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Tue Jan 06 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Doherty, James Louis (1932-) | Repository: | Virginia Historical Society, Richmond VA |
| Creator: | Doherty, James Louis (1932-) | Identifier: | MS 77-630 |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Author, of Richmond, Va. Correspondence while serving as chairman of the West End Concerned Parents and Friends, pertaining to desegregation of schools and the publication of Doherty's book, Race and Education in Richmond (1972), ms. of the book, and essays and reports. Correspondents include Mary Ellen Anderson, Ryland V. Bailey, Myron Berman, John A. Blackburn, Thomas J. Bliley, Callendine Boushall, Harry F. Byrd, Jr., Wilson Walker Cowen, Virginia A. Crockford, William V. Daniel, Earle Dunford, William O. Edwards, Harry Elmore, James D. Farrar, James A. Forbes, William J. Frable, William S. Griffith, Ruth Alice N. Halsband, Clement F. Haynsworth, Robert P. Hildrup, Robert G. Holland, Linwood Holton, Robert Pendleton Hunt, Laurence H. Levy, Nancy G. Levy, Albert Ray Merchent, Walter Frederick Mondale, Herbert C. Mudie, Edwin P. Munson, Richard D. Obenshain, Jacob M. Orndorff, Delano Page, Thomas Fraser Pettigrew, William Edward Poe, Thomas N. Pollard, Wayland W. Rennie,and Joseph M. Salmon. | ||
| Date(s) | 1969 - 1972 | Type(s) | -------------------------------- |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Richmond | ||
| Size: | 155 items | ||
| Submission ID: | 58 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Tue Jan 06 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Sarratt, Reed (1917-1986) | Repository: | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Manuscripts Department, Southern Historical Collection and General and Literary Manuscripts, Chapel Hill NC |
| Creator: | Sarratt, Reed | Identifier: | #4549 |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Correspondence, writings, notes, and other items of North Carolina journalist Reed Sarratt, whose career took him from editorial posts at the Charlotte News and the Winston-Salem Journal and Twin City Sentinel to directorships of the Southern Education Reporting Service and the Southern Newspaper Publishers' Association. Sarratt's chief editorial interest was civil rights, and he was particularly involved in monitoring the desegregation of public schools. | ||
| Date(s) | 1930s - 1960s | Type(s) | -------------------------------- |
| Access Restrictions: | To be used only with special assistance from Technical Services staff. | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Virginia | ||
| Size: | 22.5 ft. (ca. 11,200 items) | ||
| Submission ID: | 59 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Tue Jan 06 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Kelly, C. Brian. | Repository: | University of Virginia Library, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, Charlottesville VA |
| Creator: | Kelly, C. Brian. | Identifier: | MS 87-981 |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Journalist, of Charlottesville, Va. b. Charles Brian Kelly, 1935. Chiefly draft and teletype copies of articles and research files containing correspondence, news releases, clippings, photos, and other materials, relating to Kelly's coverage of Virginia politics, particularly General Assembly activities and election campaigns, including races for governor, lieutenant-governor, and attorney general in 1969 and 1977, and U.S. Senate races in 1970, 1976, and 1978. Includes material relating to desegregation of Prince Edward County schools, kepone scandal,1977 bond issue, and governorship of Linwood Holton. | ||
| Date(s) | bulk 1959 - 1978 | Type(s) | -------------------------------- |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Prince Edward County | ||
| Size: | 4.5 ft. | ||
| Submission ID: | 60 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Tue Jan 06 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Daniel, John Hannah (1896-1972) | Repository: | University of Virginia Library, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, Charlottesville VA |
| Creator: | Daniel, John Hannah (1896-1972) | Identifier: | MS 81-354 |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | State legislator and clothier, of Charlotte County, Va. Correspondence, petitions, loyalty pledges, and other papers, documenting Daniel's service on House of Delegates Appropriations Committee, and relating to Charlotte County politics and local elections, school desegregation fight in Prince Edward County, Va., Prince Edward School Foundation, which was formed to build a private segregated academy, and Daniel's membership on the board of College of William and Mary Board of Visitors; correspondence, memos, orders, and financial statements and accounts and family correspondence. | ||
| Date(s) | 1921 - 1971 | Type(s) | -------------------------------- |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Prince Edward County | ||
| Size: | ca. 22 ft. (ca. 22,800 items) | ||
| Submission ID: | 61 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Tue Jan 06 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Wyatt, Landon Russell (1891-1971) | Repository: | University of Virginia Library, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, Charlottesville VA |
| Creator: | Wyatt, Landon Russell (1891-1971) | Identifier: | MS 72-1822 |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | State senator and business executive, of Danville, Va. Chiefly topical and election correspondence (primarily 1950-70), speeches, and printed material, relating to Virginia budget, Gray Commission on Massive Resistance, and the Virginia Tobacco Tax Commission. Includes some papers from Wyatt's career as chairman of the board of trustees of Averett College, Danville, Va.. Correspondents include Watkins Moorman Abbitt, John Stewart Battle, Harry Flood Byrd, Harry Flood Byrd, Jr., Mills Edwin Godwin, Thomas Marshall Hahn, Albertis Sydney Harrison, Absolam Willis Robertson, William Belser Spong, William Munford Tuck, and George Corley Wallace. | ||
| Date(s) | 1935 - 1970 | Type(s) | -------------------------------- |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Virginia | ||
| Size: | 2 ft. (1981 items) | ||
| Submission ID: | 62 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Tue Jan 06 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Becker, Norma | Repository: | Wisconsin Historical Society |
| Creator: | Becker, Norma | Identifier: | Micro 817 |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Papers, mainly 1963-1968, relating to the social and political concerns of a New York City school teacher. Included are correspondence, form letters, clippings, flyers, newsletters, and other printed matter relating to the United Federation of Teachers’ "Adopt-a-School" program in Prince Edward County, Virginia, in 1963; its volunteer teaching during the Mississippi Freedom Summer project in 1964; and its support of full integration of New York City schools. | ||
| Date(s) | 1961 - 1975 | Type(s) | -------------------------------- |
| Access Restrictions: | -- | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Prince Edward County | ||
| Size: | 1 reel of microfilm (35mm) | ||
| Submission ID: | 63 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Wed Feb 04 2009 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | Administrative files of the Consultative Resource Center 11976, 1980-1982. | Repository: | University of Virginia Library |
| Creator: | Curry School of Education. Consultative Resource Center | Identifier: | |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ---------------------- | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Files concern the Consultative Resource Center and its proposed Desegregation Assistance Center and include budget, report from the Office of Sponsored Programs, leasing arrangements, and application to the U. S. Office of Education for a section 403 funding award. The Desegregation Assistance Center was "to provide technical assistance to local educational agencies... which will enable them to develop effective methods, techniques, strategies and practices for coping with special educational problems occasioned by the implementation of school desegregation." | ||
| Date(s) | 1980 - 1982 | Type(s) | -------------------------------- |
| Access Restrictions: | -- | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | |||
| Size: | circa 10 items | ||
| Submission ID: | 64 | ||
| Record added by: | Date added: | Tue Feb 17 2009 | |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | African-American Richmond: Educational Segregation and Desegregation | Repository: | Virginia Commonwealth University Special Collections and Archives |
| Creator: | Virginia Commonwealth University | Identifier: | |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | African American students | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | This portion of the VBHA is comprised of fourteen oral history interviews conducted in 1992 by Virginia Commonwealth University students with African-Americans residing in the Richmond, Virginia metropolitan area. While the interviews focused on the educational experiences of these individuals, other subjects and issues affecting the lives of African-Americans were also discussed by the participants. The typed transcripts of the oral histories were scanned in 1994 to be included in the Virginia Black History Archives database and are accessible from this site. | ||
| Date(s) | 1992 - 1992 | Type(s) | Oral History |
| Access Restrictions: | -- | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Richmond | ||
| Size: | 14 interviews | ||
| Submission ID: | 65 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Fri Feb 20 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Tue Oct 13 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | Scrapbook 1: 1960-1965 | Repository: | Old Dominion University Special Collections and University Archives |
| Creator: | Edith Carmichael | Identifier: | RG 37-4A |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Clippings and photographs documenting the Sorority's donation of a car for Willie May Watson, who worked with African American children in the Prince Edward County schools during the school closing crisis. Also pictured is Dr. Ruth Harrell, chair of the Old Dominion College psychology department and faculty advisor to the sorority, who was the school psychologist for Prince Edward county schools. | ||
| Date(s) | 1964 - 1998 | Type(s) | Clippings; Photographs |
| Access Restrictions: | -- | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Prince Edward County | ||
| Size: | 2 pages | ||
| Submission ID: | 66 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Tue Feb 24 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Tue Mar 17 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | WSB-TV newsfilm clip of reporter Neal Strozier commenting on a public address by Virgina governor J. Lindsay Almond in Richmond, Virginia and on the recent integration of the previously all-white schools in Arlington County and Norfolk, Virginia, 1959 Feb | Repository: | The Civil Rights Digital Library |
| Creator: | WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.) | Identifier: | |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | Strozier, Neal | Almond, J. Lindsay (James Lindsay), 1898-1986 | Segregation in education--Virginia | School integration--Virginia--Arlington County | School integration--Virginia--Norfolk | School integration--Massive resistance movement--Virginia | Poli | ||
| Description: | Reporter: Strozier, Neal. In this WSB newsfilm clip from February 7, 1959, correspondent Neal Strozier speaking from Arlington County, Virginia, comments on the recent integration of the all-white schools in Arlington County and Norfolk, as well as a public address by governor J. Lindsay Almond in Richmond, Virginia. The clip begins with Strozier standing in front of Stratford Junior High School in Arlington County, Virginia as people enter the school. According to Strozier, twenty-one African American students began attending seven previously all-white schools in Norfolk and Arlington County, Virginia earlier that week. He reports that all seven of the schools are maintaining security precautions. While he speaks, the camera shows a uniformed policeman outside the school. The clip breaks and then shows Strozier again, this time standing in front of the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond. While he speaks, the camera focuses on flags flying above the capitol building and on the legislative chamber and people inside it. Strozier commends the state for its "grace and dignity" during integration. He mentions a public address by governor J. Lindsay Almond on January 28 in which the governor "rejected extremist demands for obstruction at all cost." For a few moments the clip shows Almond's January 28 speech. Strozier begins speaking again; while he speaks, the camera returns to Stratford Junior High School in Arlington, Virginia. A policeman stands behind a "No trespassing" sign, and young women in winter clothing carry books and walk past reporters toward the school. African American students, three boys and one girl, get out of a car; the driver makes an adjustment before closing the door. Later the camera shows a Norfolk school where one African American student sits in a classroom with white students as the teacher walks back and forth in front of the classroom. Strozier, speaking again of Almond's January 28 speech, relays the governor's call for observance of federal law and for "keeping with Virginia's tradition of peace and order." Strozier confirms that local authorities in Arlington County have "shown every determination to keep peace and order" and that there white students are starting to accept their new African American peers. He also reports that schools in Norfolk, which had been closed for half a year to prevent integration are now attended by both white and African American students. While not every student has returned, he notes that those who are in school seem more interested in resuming their education than in the fact of integration. As the camera pans back to focus on Strozier, he states that police in Norfolk and in Arlington are prepared for racial incidents and praises the restraint shown in the communities. The clip audio breaks for a moment, after which Strozier comments that state and local officials surrendered "gracefully" after fighting to the end. He also notes that the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) "has refrained from actively pushing integration further south in Virginia where feeling might have run higher." He explains that both the African American community and white officials want to avoid the rioting and tension that occurred during the 1957 desegregation of Little Rock Central High School. The first lawsuit for school integration in Virginia was filed in 1951 in Prince Edward County. The case was eventually incorporated into the 1954 United States Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education, which ruled against segregation in public education. State officials in Virginia, led by United States senator Harry Byrd, organized a plan of "massive resistance" by passing laws designed to prevent desegregation, including closing schools facing desegregation and providing tuition grants to private schools for displaced white students. In the fall of 1958, schools in Norfolk, Charlottesville, and Warren County, Virginia, were closed after the courts ordered the admission of African American students. A total of nine white public schools were closed, leaving 13,000 students out of school for the semester. On January 2, 1959, state and federal courts struck down the school closing law. On February 2, Stratford Junior High School in Arlington, and six schools in Norfolk admitted a total of twenty-one African American students. Title supplied by cataloger. The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection. | ||
| Date(s) | 1959 February 07 - 1959 February 07 | Type(s) | Broadcast-Television-News |
| Access Restrictions: | -- | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Arlington County and Norfolk, Virginia | ||
| Size: | 1 clip (about 2 min.) | ||
| Submission ID: | 67 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Tue Feb 24 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Tue Mar 17 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | WSB-TV newsfilm clip of governor J. Lindsay Almond at a press conference declaring that schools will close if federal troops are sent to enforce desegregation, Richmond, Virginia, 1958 August 21 | Repository: | The Digital Library of Georgia |
| Creator: | WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.) | Identifier: | |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | Almond, J. Lindsay (James Lindsay), 1898-1986 | Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969 | Segregation in education--Virginia | School integration--Virginia | School integration--Massive resistance movement--Virginia | Federal-state controversies-- | ||
| Description: | In this WSB newsfilm clip from August 21, 1958, Virginia governor J. Lindsay Almond speaks to reporters at a press conference held in Richmond, Virginia and declares that schools will close if federal troops are sent to enforce desegregation. As the clip begins, Almond is sitting at one end of a table with reporters taking notes at the other end of the table. Almond asserts "there will be no enforced integration in Virginia." While expressing his respect for president Dwight Eisenhower, he declares without "defiance" that if federal troops are sent to Virginia to enforce court-ordered desegregation, he will close the schools. Governor Almond held a press conference on August 21 in response to comments made by president Eisenhower the day before. According to newspaper reports, Eisenhower declared it was "the solemn duty of all Americans to comply with the Supreme Court's order to end racial discrimination in public schools." In other comments made during the press conference and not recorded in this newsfilm clip, Almond defends education as "a state matter" and maintains that desegregation "would destroy the process of education." During his comments, he asked for support of a state policy against racial integration in public schools. School integration lawsuits in Virginia began in 1951 in Prince Edward County. That case was eventually incorporated into the United States Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education. Almond, who was Virginia attorney general at the time, was one of the lawyers who argued in favor of segregated education. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court ruled against segregation in public education. State officials in Virginia organized a plan of "massive resistance" to court-ordered desegregation, passing laws requiring integrated schools to close and providing tuition grants to white students displaced by school desegregation. In the fall of 1958, nine white public schools closed in Norfolk, Charlottesville, and Warren County, Virginia. On January 20, 1959, both state and federal courts overturned the state law requiring integrated schools to close. After the ruling, Almond called a special legislative session during which he announced the end of the "massive resistance" campaign. The following Monday, February 2, 1959, seven schools in Arlington and Norfolk integrated. Title supplied by cataloger. The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection. | ||
| Date(s) | 1958 August 21 - 1958 August 21 | Type(s) | |
| Access Restrictions: | -- | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Virginia | ||
| Size: | 1 clip (about 1 min.) | ||
| Submission ID: | 68 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Tue Feb 24 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Tue Mar 17 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | WSB-TV newsfilm clip of reporter Ray Moore interviewing United States attorney general Robert F. Kennedy about the Freedom Rides and about school integration, Washington, D.C., 1961 | Repository: | The Civil Rights Digital Library |
| Creator: | WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.) | Identifier: | |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968 | Moore, Ray, 1922- | Mann, Floyd H., 1920-1996 | Patterson, John Malcolm, 1921- | Cruit, George | Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963 | Seigenthaler, John, 1927- | Cook, Eugene, 1904- | Reporters and reporting--Was | ||
| Description: | Reporter: Moore, Ray, 1922-. In this WSB newsfilm clip from the summer of 1961 in Washington, D.C., WSB reporter Ray Moore interviews United States attorney general Robert F. Kennedy about the Freedom Rides and school integration. The clip begins with United States attorney general Robert F. Kennedy sitting in a room with an Americanflag behind him. WSB reporter Ray Moore appears to be listening to something; in front of him are several pages with portions of text blacked out. The clip breaks a few times before the audio portion of the interview beings. Moore's first question to Kennedy about riots in Montgomery, Alabama, is incompletely recorded. In response to the question, Kennedy declares the unspecified charges are "simply untrue." Asked about his relationship with the Freedom Ride sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), Kennedy claims that he first heard about the Freedom Ride on Monday, May 15, 1961, the day after the attack and bus burning in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama. He asserts that he had not had any prior conversations about the rides with "CORE or anybody else." According to accounts of the civil rights workers involved in the Freedom Rides, the CORE office sent informational letters about the Freedom Rides two weeks before the May 4 departure from Washington, D.C. They reported sending letters to president John F. Kennedy; Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) director J. Edgar Hoover, attorney general Robert F. Kennedy; the chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) and the presidents of Trailways and Greyhound bus companies. CORE received no responses. Simeon Booker, a reporter who traveled with the riders from Washington D.C. also met with Robert Kennedy and his assistant John Seigenthaler the day before the ride began but felt after the visit that the attorney general had not been paying full attention. Kennedy then volunteers to tell Moore about his experience with the Freedom Rides. He opens with the events following the May 14 bus burning in Anniston and the beatings in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama. According to Kennedy, the Freedom Riders were in Birmingham on Monday, May 15 and were trying to continue their journey to New Orleans. Kennedy reports he spoke with Alabama director of public safety, Floyd Mann, after having been unsuccessful in his attempts to contact Alabama governor John Patterson. Mann was able to get governor Patterson to agree to provide some protection to the Freedom Riders. However, after Kennedy relayed that information to the Freedom Riders and they got on the bus in Birmingham, Mann called Kennedy and told him that the bus driver wouldn't drive the bus. Kennedy confirms that after hearing from Mann, he called the manager of the Greyhound station in Birmingham, George Cruit, and expressed his desire the Freedom Riders make their trip. Cruit recorded that conversation, and it later received significant attention in Alabama. At this point, Moore interrupts Kennedy to repeat the statements made by George Cruit. At an unspecified hearing about the Freedom Rides, Cruit testified that Kennedy said he had gone to a lot of trouble for the Freedom Riders and would be upset if the riders did not complete their trip to Montgomery. Kennedy admits that he and his staff at the Justice Department had put a lot of effort into getting the Freedom Riders safely from Birmingham to Montgomery. He refutes allegations that his attention to the Freedom Rider's safety proves that he supported their protest and that they were sent by the Federal government. Kennedy asserts that those allegations are untrue and explains again that he was concerned with the safety of the travelers. Asked about governor Patterson's assurance that the riders would be safe, Kennedy clarifies that he did not personally speak with governor Patterson. Through Kennedy's conversations with Mann the governor assured Kennedy that the riders would be protected "and that they wouldn't have difficulty or problems." Unfortunately, Mann later called Kennedy to say the governor changed his mind and that if the riders traveled, they would do so on their own and without protection. Kennedy expressed his frustration to Mann, telling Mann "that where I come from is somebody gives their word about something that they live up to their word." When Moore asks Kennedy if he spoke to Mann as calmly as he is speaking in the interview, Kennedy says he did. Moore asks Kennedy about Governor Patterson's call to President John F. Kennedy on Friday, May 19. Kennedy postpones the question and returns to the events of May 15. He recounts that after the challenges at the bus terminal on May 15, the Freedom Riders flew to New Orleans that evening. Kennedy recalls that after the first group of riders arrived in New Orleans, he began hearing about other groups coming to Birmingham to continue the plan to travel by bus to New Orleans. Although he did not question the legal right of civil rights workers to travel on Freedom Rides, Kennedy confirms the situation was stormy. Kennedy tried to contact Governor Patterson for several days to talk about the situation but was unsuccessful. Finally, President John F. Kennedy tried to get Patterson to promise to protect the new Freedom Riders. Kennedy points out that the rhad safely traveled through several states, without any intervention by the federal government. He confirms the desire of the Justice Department and the president that Alabama officials handle the situation. On Friday, May 19, Governor Patterson through a messenger asked to meet with a personal representative of the president. Robert Kennedy says he sent John Seigenthaler, a staff member at the Department of Justice, to Alabama that day. Seigenthaler met with Governor Patterson that evening and, as Kennedy reports, received assurance from Patterson that Alabama had "the means, the ability, and the will to protect" the Freedom Riders. Kennedy reports that twelve hours after these assurances, Seigenthaler "was lying on the ground in Montgomery, unconscious, having been beaten" by a mob about which the FBI had warned the Montgomery Police Department. Kennedy blames a small group of people for the mob attack, although he recognizes that many people in Alabama do not support the Freedom Riders. Since Kennedy and others in the federal government "found that law and order couldn't be maintained for people traveling in interstate commerce," they sent federal marshals "to ensure that there was protection in interstate commerce." Moore follows up on the decision to send federal marshals to Alabama, asking why the government chose to send marshals instead of troops. Kennedy replies that he is against sending troops in when he feels marshals can do the job. Moore asks if the Justice Department had organized a plan for using federal marshals following the riots surrounding the court-ordered integration of Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Kennedy denies that the department had organized a plan for using marshals, although a few had subsequently received training to deal with riot situations. Kennedy affirms that there is now a plan to make better use of trained marshals in future cases of unrest. Next, Moore asks Kennedy to comment on governor Patterson's claim that the federal government does not have the authority to move federal forces into a state unless they are requested. Kennedy counters Patterson's assertion and insists the law clearly "shows that we had a legal right to move the marshals into the state of Alabama." Moore then asks Kennedy why he waited until after rioting in Montgomery to request a "cooling off period." Kennedy replies that after the mob attack and riots in Montgomery, he felt the situation "became more acute." Continuing, Kennedy again recognizes the legal right of integrated interstate travel and praises authorities in Chicago who have protected travelers rather than letting them be attacked for several minutes before responding. Returning to the question of federal intervention in Alabama, Kennedy maintains he would not have sent marshals if state leaders had met their responsibility. He also argues that if he had not sent marshals he would be derelict in his duty, responsibility, obligation, and oath. Following this, Moore asks the cameraman to pause recording; after the pause, Moore asks Kennedy about a "friend of the court" brief the Justice Department filed supporting a case by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) against segregated transportation in Jackson, Mississippi. Asked why the department did not follow the NAACP's lead asking for an end to police harassment, Kennedy recognizes the department opposed the NAACP on that issue because they felt "it would impede the operations of the police department and policemen in Jackson." In July 1961, the NAACP on behalf of three African Americans from Jackson, Mississippi, filed a suit seeking an end to segregation in interstate and intrastate travel. The case was brought before a three-judge circuit court in September 1961. In February 1962, the United States Supreme Court in Bailey v. Patterson ruled in favor of the NAACP and against segregation in transportation facilities. Finally, Moore brings up the topic of school desegregation, beginning with tuition grants in Prince Edward County, Virginia. Moore asks Kennedy why the Justice Department tried to enter the case as a friend of the court on behalf of African American parents challenging the closing of the public schools and the issuance of tuition grants for private educational facilities. In his reply, Kennedy explains that there are 1,700 African American students who have not had access to public education since the school system closed in the fall of 1959. Continuing, he expresses his belief that tuition grants are not the proper way of handling the situation. Moore comments that the judge in the case did not accept the Justice Department's friend of the court brief. Kennedy responds that the Justice Department only took action in the case when their attempts to encourage local leaders to reopen the public schools were unsuccessful. He declares that the Justice Department will remain interested in the school situation in Prince Edward County. Asked if the department will ask Congress for power to initiate school desegregation suits, Kennedy replies that they have no plans to do so. Moore then turns to upcoming school desegregation of the eleventh and twelfth grades in Atlanta in the fall of 1961. Moore quotes Georgia attorney general Eugene Cook who condemns visits by two Justice Department employees as implying that Atlanta will not comply with court-ordered integration. Kennedy counters by expressing his confidence in the citizens of Atlanta and Georgia. He recognizes that school integration is a challenging situation and affirms that discussions recognizing the challenges of desegregation help smooth the process. He asserts that he does not anticipate problems in school desegregation in Atlanta and that it is also wise to "make sure that we all understand what the situation is and to assure that we also have met our responsibilities." Kennedy then refuses to make a firm statement on tuition grants, expressing his need to review specific laws before making judgments. The clip ends with an image of Kennedy and Moore sitting across the table from each other. Title supplied by cataloger. The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection. | ||
| Date(s) | 1961 - 1961 | Type(s) | |
| Access Restrictions: | - | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Prince Edward County, Va. | ||
| Size: | 1 clip (about 22 min.) | ||
| Submission ID: | 69 | ||
| Record added by: | Sonia Yaco | Date added: | Mon Mar 02 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Fri Apr 03 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | Civil Suits 1957 | Repository: | W & L Law School Special Collections |
| Creator: | Hoffman, Walter E. | Identifier: | 2004M:001 |
| Relation: | Walter E. Hoffman Papers | Subject(s) | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Three folders including 1) Decrees, decisions and memoranda from Beckett, Jerome A. Atkins et al v. The School Board of the City of Newport News. 2)Pupil Placement Board orders for Hampton 3)Speech at Admiralty Day luncheon re: desegregation of Norfolk Public Schools | ||
| Date(s) | 1957 - 1957 | Type(s) | |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Norfolk, Newport News, Hampton | ||
| Size: | 3 folders | ||
| Submission ID: | 70 | ||
| Record added by: | Yaco, Sonia | Date added: | Tue Mar 17 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Tue Oct 13 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | Negro Applicants | Repository: | Old Dominion University Special Collections and University Archives |
| Creator: | Old Dominion University | Identifier: | RG 33, Series 1, Box 7, Folder 3 |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Negro applicants to Norfolk Division William and Mary's War training school | ||
| Date(s) | 1941 - 1941 | Type(s) | |
| Access Restrictions: | - | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Norfolk | ||
| Size: | 1 folder | ||
| Submission ID: | 71 | ||
| Record added by: | Yaco, Sonia | Date added: | Tue Mar 17 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | General Files - Sample | Repository: | Washington and Lee Special Collections |
| Creator: | Whitehurst, George William | Identifier: | |
| Relation: | G. William Whitehurst Congressional Papers | Subject(s) | ---------------------- |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Correspondence, maps, proposed legislation on busing. | ||
| Date(s) | 1970 - 1979 | Type(s) | -------------------------------- |
| Access Restrictions: | - | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Norfolk and elsewhere in Virginia | ||
| Size: | 8 folders | ||
| Submission ID: | 74 | ||
| Record added by: | Yaco, Sonia | Date added: | Mon Apr 06 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Yaco, Sonia | Date modified: | Tue Oct 13 2009 |
| Resource Title: | Tutoring School | Repository: | Old Dominion University Special Collections and University Archives |
| Creator: | E. V. Peele | Identifier: | RG 17-1A, A77-57 |
| Relation: | School of Arts and Letters Dean’s office files | Subject(s) | High school students; Middle school students; Private schools; School integration—Massive resistance movement; Tutors and tutoring |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Correspondence and notes re: "possibility of teachers for the 'tutoring school'" for students of ODU faculty members during the Norfolk school closing crisis. Includes list of faculty members with children between ages of 13 - 18. | ||
| Date(s) | 1958 - 1958 | Type(s) | Correspondence |
| Access Restrictions: | - | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Norfolk | ||
| Size: | 1 folder, 5 pages | ||
| Submission ID: | 75 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Thu May 28 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Thu May 28 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #2819- Lorna Renee Warden et al vs. the School Board of the City of Richmond, Virginia, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School integration; Segregation in education | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Prior to the start of the 1958-59 school year, each of the infant plaintiffs timely applied for admission to Richmond City public schools as resident citizens. The schools to which they applied were exclusively maintained and attended by whites; the defendants did not gain admission and were subsequently assigned to all-black institutions. The Defendants owned, maintained and operated forty elementary schools, eight junior high schools, four senior high schools and six special schools within the City of Richmond. School children “classified as Negroes had been permitted to attend only eighteen of the elementary schools, three of the junior high schools, two of the senior high schools and one of the special schools… enrollment at the remainder of the institutions was available exclusively to those children not classified as Negroes.” The plaintiff’s argued that they were denied liberty without due process of the law and the equal protection guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. When questioned why Daisy Jane Cooper (plaintiff), age nine’s, transfer from George Washington Carver Elementary School to the Westhampton School was denied by the Pupil Placement Board, the Division Superintendent acknowledged that “had the Cooper child been a white child living at the same address… I presume she would have attended the Westhampton School.” The Court concluded that this was a clear case of discrimination based on race as the only reason the Cooper child was denied her transfer was because she was black. It was decided that the Commonwealth’s Pupil Placement Board’s policy and practices were unconstitutional and thereby granted Cooper admission to the Westhampton School. Cooper was admitted to the institution as an individual, not as a class or group; all of the original plaintiffs with the exception of the Cooper’s voluntarily withdrew from the case. | ||
| Date(s) | 1958 - 1962 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Legal documents |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Richmond | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 76 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Thu May 28 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Thu Jun 4 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #3365- David F. Anderson, et al vs. The School Board if the Town of West Point, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School integration; Segregation in education | |
| Additional Keywords: | Pupil Placement Board | ||
| Description: | Ten African American students and their parents filed suit after being denied admission to the public school to which they applied as residents. The reasons for denial included “distance” and “lack of academic qualifications.” The Town School Board and the Superintendent of Schools answered the complaint in shifting sole responsibility to the State Pupil Placement Board as per the Pupil Placement Act of Virginia. As a school district, the Town of West Point had a combined white elementary and high school known as West Point School and an African-American elementary school, known as Beverly Allen School. Black high school students were educated outside of the Town pursuant to arrangements made with neighboring counties in possession of minority high schools. As a result of policy and procedure within the West Point school administration, any black applicants applying to the all-white school, their files were coded as irregular and red flagged upon being referred to the State Pupil Placement Board. At this stage, black students withstood a rigorous degree of scrutiny in the inspection of their residential and scholastic merits unparallel to that of their Caucasian counterparts. The State Pupil Placement Board claimed to be somehow unaware that the town in question only possessed one high school. It subsequently adopted a policy of assigning all high school aged students within the town applying to West Pont High School admission, without consideration of any residential or scholastic criteria. The School Board and Division Superintendent of Schools were expected to submit to the Court a plan, eliminating the discriminatory application process from their admission process at the elementary school level by the 1962-1963 mid-term session. The Court later struck down the School Board’s racially unbiased blueprint of operation and allowed until May 27, 1968 to provide an updated plan. | ||
| Date(s) | 1961 - 1968 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Legal documents |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | King William County | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 77 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Mon Jun 1 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Mon Jul 20 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #3431- Sheila Jane McLeod, et al vs. the County School Board of Chesterfield County, Virginia, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | Segregation in education | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | In early 1962, fifteen African-American students filed a class action suit seeking to require their transfer from Negro public schools to white public schools. The plaintiffs alleged that race was the sole factor requiring their attendance at a black school and white students to attend a white school, conversely. On or about December 20, 1961, the Superintendent of Schools notified the infant plaintiff’s parents that their respective children would be transferred to the Dupuy Road School, effective January 2, 1962, not the Ettrick Elementary School as requested. No hearing or forum to redress grievances was made availed to them. The Pupil Placement Board denied the charges against them after the School Board sought to shift responsibility onto it, alleging that overcrowding coupled with a mid-year transfer to a newly constructed facility was to blame; the transfer was said to have been made without prejudice. The Court found that Chesterfield County was an area experiencing “rapid population growth,” possessing ten Negro schools and twenty white ones; “negro students are not admitted to white schools on the same basis as white students attending these schools… [the County is] operating a system of dual attendance areas.” The Court concluded that racial discrimination in the admission of students to schools is prohibited. However, as the transfer of the plaintiffs occurred to assist District in populating a newly opened school so that it could be adequately utilized, their request for an injunction was denied. Given the circumstances, latitude was seen fit; there was an absence of proof that the transfer was done to “accomplish discrimination.” | ||
| Date(s) | 1962 - 1977 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Legal documents; Organizational Records; Photographs |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Chesterfield County | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 78 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Mon Jun 1 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Thu Jun 4 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #3438- John W. Scott, Jr., etc., et al vs. School Board of the City of Fredericksburg, Virginia, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School integration; Segregation in education | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | The plaintiffs in this case sought admission to a predominately white school, complying with the administrative requirements of Virginia’s statutes as they pertained to the placement of pupils. The applications were denied by the Pupil Placement Board and the plaintiffs subsequently assigned to a local all-black high school. Lack of academic qualifications and the distance from residence to school were cited as the grounds for the denial. The movement is for the Court to intervene. The city has one white high school and one black high school. The State Pupil Placement Board had to date already placed nine black students into predominately white public schools. The Court ruled that “scholastic tests and residential requirements may be a proper basis for the assignment of pupils, but these criteria must be applied equally to white and Negro children;” white students were admitted the City’s only white high school, James Monroe School, without being subject to the same “tests” as their African-American counterparts. The Court will intervene and grant the requested general injunction. | ||
| Date(s) | 1962 - 1973 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Legal documents; Organizational Records |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Fredericksburg | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 79 | ||
| Record added by: | Yaco, Sonia | Date added: | Tue Jun 02 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Tue Oct 13 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | The lost class of '59 a study of Virginia's massive resistance : segregation and the Norfolk Public Schools | Repository: | Old Dominion University Special Collections and University Archives |
| Creator: | CBS Television Network; edited and produced by Edward R. Murrow, Fred W. Friendly ; reporter director, Arthur D. Morse. | Identifier: | LC2803.N6 L67 1959 |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School closings | |
| Additional Keywords: | School integration -- Massive resistance movement -- Virginia -- Norfolk. Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- Virginia. School closings -- Virginia -- Norfolk. | ||
| Description: | Originally aired on January 21, 1959, famed journalist Edward R. Murrow presents the nation with a city divided by the closing of Norfolk public schools in the face of integration. Murrow received a Peabody Award for this film. | ||
| Date(s) | 1959 - 1959 | Type(s) | |
| Access Restrictions: | - | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Norfolk | ||
| Size: | 1 DVD-video (60 min., 39 sec.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in | ||
| Submission ID: | 80 | ||
| Record added by: | Yaco, Sonia | Date added: | Tue Jun 02 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Tue Oct 13 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | David Neff Papers | Repository: | Old Dominion University Special Collections and University Archives |
| Creator: | David Neff | Identifier: | MG 101 |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | Pro-segregation newsletters, correspondence, articles, telegrams, reports. Primary focus of material is a Southside Virginia group, Defenders of State Sovereignty. Currently unprocessed. | ||
| Date(s) | 1955 - 1990 | Type(s) | Reports |
| Access Restrictions: | - | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Virginia and other southern states | ||
| Size: | 1 box | ||
| Submission ID: | 81 | ||
| Record added by: | Yaco, Sonia | Date added: | Tue Jun 02 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Mon Oct 12 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | Repository: | Arlington County Department of Library | |
| Creator: | John Stuhldreher; Arlington Public Schools (Arlington, Va.). Arlington Educational Television | Identifier: | OCLC Number: 49343756 |
| Relation: | http://arlington.granicus.com/ASX.php?publish_id=179&sn=arlington.granicus.com | Subject(s) | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | On February 2, 1959, four seventh grade students entered through the front doors of Stratford Junior High School. School was already in session as the students negotiated a battalion of helmeted police officers protecting the perimeter of the school grounds. At first appearance, these students seemed different than the average Stratford Junior High School student in attendance until this day. These students were Read more... On February 2, 1959, four seventh grade students entered through the front doors of Stratford Junior High School. School was already in session as the students negotiated a battalion of helmeted police officers protecting the perimeter of the school grounds. At first appearance, these students seemed different than the average Stratford Junior High School student in attendance until this day. These students were black, and in their steps followed the desegregation and integration of public schools in Arlington and Virginia. The documentary, "Its Just Me ..." the integration of the Arlington public schools, revisits and explores the events leading up to that February day at Stratford Junior High School."--AETV website | ||
| Date(s) | 2001 - 2001 | Type(s) | |
| Access Restrictions: | - | ||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Arlington County | ||
| Size: | 1 videocassette (58 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. | ||
| Submission ID: | 82 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Wed Jun 3 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Fri Aug 7 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #3353- Carolyn Bradley and Michael Bradley, etc. vs. School Board of the City of Richmond, Virginia, et al and the Commonwealth of Virginia Pupil Placement Board, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School integration; Segregation in education; United States. Supreme Court; Virginia. Dept. of Education | |
| Additional Keywords: | 4th Circuit Court of Appeals | ||
| Description: | This suit began in 1961 with the plaintiffs suing the School Board of the City of Richmond. The initial court-ordered “freedom-of-choice” plan proved unworkable in practice. In 1970, the Court ordered students and faculty to be reassigned. After the 1970 decision, the plaintiff and defendant coupled with the school boards of two neighboring counties filed suit against the State Department of education and is superintendent of public instruction. At the district court level, it was determined that constitutional violations had taken place at the county and state levels and both were charged with the inter-district consolidation of the greater Richmond school districts. This verdict was later reversed. Subsequent to the 1972 decision (overturned), the School Board began implementing and the intra-district desegregation plan, featuring fifteen court mandated alterations between the years 1972-1979. In March 1984, the School Board sought monetary damages from the State, charging them with not fulfilling their court-ordered eradication of segregation. The State, the School Board alleged was hindering the elimination of the State’s former dual educational system. The court denied the request initially and again in an appeal. | ||
| Date(s) | 1961 - 1987 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Financial records; Legal documents; Proceedings |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Richmond | ||
| Size: | 8 Boxes | ||
| Submission ID: | 83 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Thu Jun 4 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Fri Aug 7 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #3518- Edward Alvin Bell, et al vs. County School Board of Powhatan County, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School closings; School integration; Segregation in education | |
| Additional Keywords: | 4th Circuit Court of Appeals | ||
| Description: | On August 17, 1962, 65 African American students and their parents filed a class action suit against the School Board of Powhatan County, the Division Superintendent of Schools and the members of the Commonwealth’s Pupil Placement Board. They alleged that the District refused to process the necessary paperwork of the students, which was filled out properly and timely, for their respective transfers to the white institution. The forms were also, in many cases withheld from black students, while the ones that were obtained sat idle upon being submitted. There are two schools in the County, one comprising of an all-white student body and staff and the other, conversely, with an all-black student body and faculty. After a January 2, 1963 trial at the District Court, an injunction against the racial segregation in the admission of school students was granted. Furthermore, the Court enjoined the defendants from closing the public schools in their County as had been the case upon receiving a similar verdict earlier in the neighboring Prince Edward County. The County was to submit a desegregation plan within 90 days. As a result of the necessary time to formulate the plan, all save three of the defendants were not made able to transfer schools. Two days after the previously order was delivered; it was suspended as a result of a pending appeal filed on behalf of the defense. The plaintiffs chose to appeal this turn of events, forcing the defendants to subsequently file a counter-appeal. In the ensuing appeal process, the School Board was deemed to have been actively engaged in perpetuating segregation. The three original students, in addition to the remainder of the infant plaintiffs, were to be admitted to the white, Powhatan School. Additionally, the original decision not to award council fees to the plaintiff was reconsidered. | ||
| Date(s) | 1962 - 1973 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Legal documents; Reports |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Powhatan County | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 84 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Thu Jun 4 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #3536- United States of America vs. School Board of Prince George County, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School integration; Segregation in education | |
| Additional Keywords: | Children of U.S.servicemen, Federal grants | ||
| Description: | In October 1962, the United States sought an injunction requiring Prince George County to admit the African-American children who were dependants of military and civilian personnel stationed or employed at Fort Lee to its white schools. The U.S. argued that the County assured it that its school facilities would be made available to federally-connected children on the same basis as those available to local youngsters. Additionally, the plaintiff claims that it was “burdened to exercise its use of war powers under the Constitution” in attempts to remedy the situation. There are 159 school-age dependants of black military personnel and 426 of black civilian personnel stationed or employed at/by Fort Lee, situated in Prince George County. Though no educational facilities are maintained on the U.S. Army base, neither its facilities nor activities are segregated by race. The School Board terminated its agreement of providing schooling for Fort Lee’s dependant students as a result of alleged overcrowding, however it was found that the Pupil Placement Board admitted over 300 new students after denying the applications of children of black servicemen earlier. The County was receiving an excess of $1.5 million in federal grants for the new construction of schools upon assuring their ongoing commitment to the education of federally-connected children. The Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare was aware of the County’s separate school system upon agreeing to the grants, however ruled on March 30, 1962 that racially segregated education of children on federal property was not “suitable.” Furthermore, the Department of Defense would not allow the transfers of black servicemen stationed at Fort Lee who cited the segregated system of their children’s education as a cause. The Court ruled that the U.S. would not be returned the funds it provided the County in construction grants as they anticipated using the facilities similarly to those operating in the surrounding area. Additionally, the United States’ use of the War Powers Act upon domestic affairs such as the one in question is not prohibited. The County simply must make schooling of some sort available to federally-connected children, as per the pre-arranged contract between the School Board of Prince George County and the United States of America. | ||
| Date(s) | 1962 - 1963 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Government papers; Legal documents; Proceedings |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Prince George County | ||
| Size: | 2 Boxes | ||
| Submission ID: | 85 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Wed Jun 10 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Fri Aug 7 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #3554- Renee Patrice Gilliam vs. School Board of the City of Hopewell, Virginia, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | Busing for school integration; School integration | |
| Additional Keywords: | 4th Circuit Court of Appeals | ||
| Description: | As of fall 1971, the defendant had achieved a desegregated school system as it pertained to its student body’s racial composition; school assignment was based on geographic criteria solely. The question arose over whether the newly desegregated school, located far from predominately black neighborhoods, made it more difficult for these students to attend school. The necessity and availability of the District’s partially-subsidized transportation system came into question. The defendant claimed that attendance had not been affected by this alleged issue and that they fully complied with the court-mandated desegregation plan. The plaintiff argued that the defense bears the burden of ensuring that the newly integrated students have every opportunity to receive an education. Any student who lives an excess of one mile from the school they attend ought to be provided free transportation, the plaintiff argued. In referencing other cases, as the defense provided no estimates of their own, the Court deemed that the financial burden of $54.60/student/yr. for school bus riders was not excessive for the District, which boasted a $4 million budget that year. The District was forced to provide free busing. | ||
| Date(s) | 1962 - 1973 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Legal documents; Reports |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Prince George County | ||
| Size: | 1 Box | ||
| Submission ID: | 86 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Wed Jul 8 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | ||
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #3579- Mark J. Belton, Jr., an infant, etc. vs. the County School Board of King George County, Virginia, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlanitc Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School integration; Segregation in education | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | In 1962, thirty-eight African-American students and their parents filed suit against the defendants, hoping gain admittance into the County’s all-white public schools. The School Board, Superintendent, and each of the school board members said that any placement issues ought to be brought up with the State’s Pupil Placement Board. The Board responded in alleging that each of the infant plaintiff’s was not placed in their respective desired schools as a result of their distance from the institution or lack of academic qualifications. It was admitted that all other administrative options had already been exhausted by the plaintiff’s families. The Court finds that the School Board operates six schools within the County, only two of which are open to any more than a small handful of blacks. An attendance boundary for each of these schools was seen to be very flexible. The Pupil Placement Board has placed 29 black students into mostly white schools in the County already, without court order. Typically, the School Board makes “tentative assignments” for students in the County and forwards them to the Placement Board, where they are accepted unless a student in question makes formal protest. White students it was found need not even apply to gain admission to a predominately white school, merely show up; the criteria by which white and black students were judged on was far from equal. The Court found the dual system of schooling discriminatory and granted the plaintiffs admission to the school which they applied. Furthermore, a general injunction against racial discrimination in their admission process was awarded. Counsel fees were not awarded. | ||
| Date(s) | 1962 - 1968 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Legal documents |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | King George County | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 87 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Fri Jul 10 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Fri Jul 10 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Western District of Virginia, Charlottesville Division, Civil Action Case #102- Karol Williams, et al vs. the School Board of the City of Charlottesville, the County School Board of Albemarle County, et als | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | African American students; Segregation in education | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | In 1950, the City of Charlottesville used public funds to purchase land in which to construct what became Burley High school. Burley had a wholly African-American student body and faculty, up to and including the principle. Burley was unique in that it was the only school to be jointly funded and generally under the jurisdiction of the City of Charlottesville and the County of Albemarle. Upon graduating from elementary schools, City and County black children alike were regularly assigned to this institution, whereas their white counterparts found themselves assigned to high schools controlled and funded by their original, respective jurisdictions, solely. Setting aside the issue of dual race educational systems, it was seen that the joint Charlottesville-Albemarle venture posed serious difficulties and imposed barriers on its students not experienced likewise by other, normal, schools. In January of 1963, the school boards of each district separately, yet cooperatively approved measures to construct a new facility on the Burley High property for the schooling of entirely black junior high students. The plaintiffs argued that if carried out, the construction project would “considerably delay and for a long time prevent compliance with the mandate of the 14th Amendment ….that local school authorities take steps to end racial discrimination in the assignment of children to public schools.” As a result of Edward W. Rushton, Division Superintendent of Schools of the City of Charlottesville, saying that the City had resolved to discontinue its participation in the Burley High School at the close of the 1966-67 year, the Court deemed it appropriate to dismiss the case. There was no objection by the counsel for the plaintiff. | ||
| Date(s) | 1963 - 1965 | Type(s) | Clippings; Correspondence; Legal documents |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Abemarle County, the City of Charlottesville | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 88 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Fri Jul 10 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Fri Aug 7 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Western District of Virginia, Charlottesville Division, Civil Action Case #103- James S. Buckner, JR., et al vs. the County School Board Greene County, Virginia, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | Busing for school integration; Segregation in education | |
| Additional Keywords: | Pupil Placement Board; 4th Circuit Court of Appeals | ||
| Description: | In an April 1963 suit, the parents of several black school children residing in Green County, VA brought suit against the County School Board. The parents suit revolved around the fact that their children had been assigned (and had their transfer requests denied) to Burley High School in Charlottesville, along with all other black elementary school graduates, while their white counterparts were assigned to William Monroe High School located in Greene County. The case was quickly dismissed after the Commonwealth’s Pupil Placement Board suggested that it had placed all of the plaintiffs in the case in the schools that they desired with the exception of those who had not adequately filled out the necessary paperwork for transfer. The plaintiffs appealed the case to the U.S. 4th Circuit Court of Appeals a year later on the following merits: 1) Some African American students were voluntarily still attending Burley High School in Charlottesville, despite it not being compulsory. The plaintiffs believed that said students would be forced to attend the single high school in Greene County, William Monroe. 2) There was a continuation of segregation in school busing in that not a single black student shared a bus with a single white student. 3) The continued voluntary separation of the races in the elementary schools of the County. It was determined that the Greene County School Board was in full compliance with the law and had been cooperative throughout the case; the injunction sought by the plaintiffs was denied. | ||
| Date(s) | 1963 - 1966 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Legal documents |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Greene County | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 89 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Mon Jul 13 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Fri Aug 7 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #3766- Avis M. Pettaway, et al vs. the County School Board of Surry County, Virginia, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | Private schools; Public schools; School closings; School integration—Massive resistance movement; Virginia. Dept. of Education | |
| Additional Keywords: | Public grants for private schools; 4th Circuit Court of Appeals | ||
| Description: | In the years up to and including the 1962-63 school year, Surrey County boasted a traditional dual schooling system. With three schools in the District, Surrey had one attended, taught and administered solely by whites and the other, conversely, solely by blacks. Each race was afforded their own buses, ensuring that no white and black pupils shared transportation. In May and later in June 1963, the Surrey County School Board received numerous applications from African-American students desiring placement in the Surrey School, the counties exclusively white school. After some delay on the School Board’s part, the applications were forwarded to the State Pupil Placement Board, where each of the seven black applicants was granted admission to the Surrey School. After this news broke, there were a series of mass meetings, in which white citizens voiced their alarm. At these meetings, attended by the County Supervisors and School Board, it was decided that a private school was to be organized, the public schools remain open and all public school teacher’s contracts terminated within the month. There was even talk of lowering taxes because of the decreased burden on the public school system. Shortly thereafter, all of the white pupils attending Surrey School, 431 in all, withdrew and enrolled in the new Foundation’s School. The black pupils, who had been assigned to the now deserted Surrey School by the Pupil Placement Board, in turn too applied to the Foundation’s School and were all denied admission. Enrollment was by invitation only; every white child who applied got in and every black did not. The tuition for this new school was $375 for elementary school and $380 for high school. The State and County provided students a combined $250 for elementary school children and $275 for high school ones through grants. The remainder was to be afforded by the families. In late July, the Foundation President requested that the Superintendent of Schools release all the County’s teachers from their contracts, he declined to do so. By August, the Superintendent presented the School Board with the resignations of 17 of the 23 teachers he had on staff. The Board told the Superintendent to accept the remainder of resignations as they came in. The decision to close the Surrey School was official. The operating budget for the County public school program was reduced from $37,000 to $26,000 for the month of September. All of the teachers who resigned later found themselves under the employment of the Foundation. Surplus buses were sold off by the County to a dealer, but were later purchased by the Foundation to provide its student body adequate transportation. As a result of the loss of teachers, the students in black classrooms sky-rocketed to over fifty per class in most cases. Previously, the School Board was operating under a prescribed 30 teachers per elementary school student and 23 per high school student formula. After the case was appealed to the U.S. 4th Circuit Court of Appeals three times, it was ultimately ruled in Richmond District Court that the Foundation’s School, along with any and all individuals associated with it, were barred from processing or approving applications and paying any further grants with public funds, so long as the school “refuses to accept pupil’s on account of their race or color.” Basically, the private school could not accept any more students and the students it already had would receive no more subsidies for their education so long as the admission process remained racist. Additionally, the Court ordered reasonable attorney’s fees for the plaintiffs were to be paid by the defense. | ||
| Date(s) | 1963 - 1973 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Legal documents; Organizational Records; Photographs; Proceedings |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Surry County | ||
| Size: | 1 Box | ||
| Submission ID: | 90 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Mon Jul 20 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Mon Jul 20 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #3822- Audrey D. Hill, et al vs. the County School Board of Prince George County, Virginia, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | African Americans—Segregation; School integration | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | In October 1963, a class action suit was brought against the School Board of Prince George County on behalf of black students in the County. The plaintiff’s claim rested on the biracial school system of the County in which certain schools had entirely black student bodies and staff and conversely others entirely white student bodies and staff. The plaintiff’s argued that the defendants made no effort to desegregate the public school system as they were bound by law. Solely on the basis of race, the County, “deliberately and purposefully” require student, staff and administrative to be assigned to particular schools with all but any exceptions. When a number of black students applied to gain admittance to predominately white schools in October and November of 1962 for the 1962-63 school year and again for the following school year (1963-64), the applications were disproved by the Pupil Placement Board. The reason for denial was cited as follows: “enrollment would contribute to an intolerable overcrowded condition in the [particular] grade of the [school to which the application was made].” Under the Fourteenth Amendment, the plaintiffs claimed that they were being deprived of their liberties and equal protection under the law. No plan for any degree of desegregation existed for the present or future in the County. As a result of the plaintiff’s ultimate acceptance to the schools to which they applied, the injunction of a mandated desegregated system was denied by the Court. No plan for desegregation was required to subsequently be submitted to the Court in the order. Additionally, the plaintiff’s costs for the action were to be recovered, but attorney fees denied. | ||
| Date(s) | 1963 - 1973 | Type(s) | Legal documents |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Prince George County | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 91 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Mon Jul 20 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Fri Aug 7 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #4263- Pecola Annette Wright, et al vs. the County School Board of Greensville County, Virginia, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School integration—Massive resistance movement; Segregation in education; United States. Supreme Court; Virginia. Dept. of Education | |
| Additional Keywords: | 4th Circuit Court of Appeals | ||
| Description: | Beginning in March 1965, a suit was brought against the County School Board of Greensville for operating a dual educational system in its public schools. The Court ruled that that the County could not operate “disproportionately” white or black public schools. In August 1969, the plaintiffs filed a supplemental complaint alleging that the City Council and School Board of the City Emporia had taken steps to establish a city school system independent of the Greensville County systems, thus making it exempt from the previous desegregation order. Until August 1969, pupils residing in the City attended County public schools (the City had been reimbursing the County for this expense). Emporia denied the plaintiff’s assertion that they were attempting to “frustrate” the efforts of the Greensville County School Board to implement the Court ordered desegregation plan. They in turn asserted that as the City dealt with the transition of affording education to the pupils within its own borders, a “free choice plan” was being offered. The plaintiffs objected. A key obstacle to this case was the July 1967 transformation of Emporia from a town into a city, severing it from Greensville politically, economically, and otherwise under the Virginia Constitution. The City believed it had the right to be represented in the Greensville County School Board and the ownership of the school buildings and properties within its borders. The U.S. Supreme Court disagreed with latter assertion, furthermore decreeing that the City of Emporia had no grounds to compel the County of Greensville to transfer ownership of the schools. The issue of representation on the County School Board was seen as moot by the Court. The reason for Emporia being unrepresented on the School Board, having no control over the school’s budgets or the type of education offered, and no ownership over school property, was its voluntary payment to Greensville, cited the Court. Emporia’s 1967 “voluntary divorce” from Greensville was seen as a major obstacle. Greensville sought reconciliation and a merger, however Emporia remained uninterested. In 1969, Emporia filed suit against Greensville to gain ownership of school buildings within the City and rights to seize certain funds in the Greensville general treasury. An additional suit was filed that year by Emporia to invalidate a contract between its governing body and that of Greensville County. Rulings were handed down in favor of Greensville in both matters, both in the original jurisdiction and again at the appeals level. The City claimed taxation without representation, the Court was not amused. Finally, on June 11, 1981, an agreement was finally reached. Among the details agreed upon was the adoption of a written policy concerning the placement of teachers, staff and students to “disproportionately” white and black schools and/or classrooms. Future groupings of students were to be done on the basis of test scores. Standardized tests, honors programs, pension programs, teacher placement, etc. were also discussed in the terms. The defendants agreed to pay counsel fees for the plaintiff. Both parties agreed upon the wording of a joint press release. | ||
| Date(s) | 1965 - 1981 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Legal documents; Minutes; Organizational Records; Pamphlets; Proceedings; Reports |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Greensville County | ||
| Size: | 1 1/2 Boxes | ||
| Submission ID: | 92 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Thu Jul 30 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Fri Aug 7 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #4264- Velda Brown, et al vs. the County School Board of Gloucester County, Virginia, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School integration; Segregation in education | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | In March 1965, a class action suit was filed on behalf of all black students in Gloucester County for the County’s segregated educational system. By July of that same year, the School Board had submitted to the Court a concrete plan for school desegregation, which had already been passed by their body. It was agreed upon in a 1968 supplemental plan that all 7th-9th grade students would attend a single school regardless of race or residence, 10th-12th graders attend a second school regardless of race or residence, and 1st-6th graders, regardless of race, but depending on the designated zone that they reside in, placed in particular schools; these zones had previously been agreed upon based off of a Virginia Department of Highways map dated January 1, 1965 (marked exhibit A). | ||
| Date(s) | 1965 - 1984 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Legal documents; Pamphlets |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Gloucester County | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 93 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Thu Jul 30 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Fri Aug 7 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #4265- Shirlette L. Bowman, et al vs. the County School Board of Charles City County, Virginia, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School integration; Segregation in education | |
| Additional Keywords: | 4th Circuit Court of Appeals | ||
| Description: | The black plaintiffs in this 1965 case have taken issue with Charles City County’s “freedom of choice” plan, alleging that it deprived them of their constitutional rights. Under the plan, each pupil is supposed to have the “unrestricted right” to attend any school in the system they desired. It is however the “compulsive assignments to achieve a greater intermixture of the races, notwithstanding their individual choices,” which is their due, where the issue lies. The persistent necessity of submitting paperwork each year in order to attend a school of the pupils choosing was seen to be very different than the school itself harnessing the responsibility for altering this unconstitutional system. The obstacles in the path of the pupils inhibit the unadulterated “freedom of choice,” which is supposed to be enjoyed. After moving back and forth between the District and Appeals Court four times, it was ruled that 1) all teachers, included those currently employed by the County, would be reassigned as to not take into account their races nor the races of their students. 2) Immediately prior to the summer registration period for the 1966-67 school terms, students would have an opportunity to exercise their “freedom of choice.” 3) The aforementioned school selection is meant to be the only one of its sort or a one-time occurrence not to be repeated. | ||
| Date(s) | 1965 - 1973 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Legal documents; Memorabilia; Pamphlets |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Charles City County | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 94 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Fri Aug 7 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Fri Aug 7 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #4266- Charles C. Green, et al vs. the County School Board of New Kent County, Virginia, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School integration; Segregation in education; United States. Supreme Court | |
| Additional Keywords: | 4th Circuit Court of Appeals | ||
| Description: | Beginning in March 1965, this case made its way up to the U.S. Supreme Court. The question at hand was whether the New Kent County School Board’s adoption of a “freedom-of-choice” plan, allowing pupils to select their own public school, constituted full compliance of a court-ordered mandate to “achieve a system based on a non-racial bias.” The defendants continued to operate a segregated school system long after the Brown decision as a result of several Virginia statutes which were passed aiming to circumvent and/or actively resist that decision. Many of these statutes were later found to be unconstitutional. Under the Pupil Placement Act, not repealed until 1966, children were automatically reassigned to the school they had attended the previous year unless they submitted an application for transfer, then subsequently approved by the State Pupil Placement Board. Until September 1964, no black student had ever applied for admission to the County’s only white school, the New Kent School, and likewise a white student had never sought to attend the Watkins school, an all-black institution. After initially seeking a dismissal, five months after the suit was filed, in August 1965, the defendants adopted the aforementioned “freedom-of-choice” plan in order to remain eligible for federal financial aid. It was ultimately determined that this plan was inadequate. Since its inception, not a single white child chose to attend Watkins school, the black institution, and though 115 black students enrolled in the white, New Kent School, 85% of all black pupils remain in the all-black facility. This system, it was determined, was all too reminiscent of the dual system. The burden of desegregation here was unjustly placed on the students and parents of New Kent, not the School Board. The School Board was therefore ordered to draw up a new plan, requiring efficient zoning, which would promptly end the effectively dual system in operation. The District Court was charged with approving the forthcoming plan. | ||
| Date(s) | 1965 - 1972 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Legal documents; Pamphlets |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | New Kent County | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 95 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Fri Aug 7 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Fri Aug 7 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #4267- Jonathan W. Brown, et al vs. the County School Board of Middlesex County, Virginia, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School integration; Segregation in education | |
| Additional Keywords: | "freedom-of-choice" plan | ||
| Description: | After just over a year in court, on June 10, 1966, the Court accepted the School Board of Middlesex County’s plan for the desegregation of their public schools. The cornerstone of the strategy was an annual “freedom-of-choice” offered to all grades, beginning in the 1966-67 school year. The choice, as outlined in the defendant’s supplemental report, was granted to parents and guardians, not the children directly. Furthermore, teachers, principals, or any other school staff member were barred from providing advice, recommendations, or otherwise influencing the choices of students. Their choices were not to be favored or penalized in any way either. Each parent is, the record states, supposed to receive an annual letter from their pupil’s school with a form attached so that they may read the provisions of the plan in question and submit their choice for their child’s’ schooling. There are similar procedures outlined for children enrolling into the district for the first time and/or transferring from other schools. The only reason that the parents’ choice of school may be denied is for overcrowding, no other factors including prior attendance at the chosen school may be taken into account. Additionally, transportation was to be provided for all students without regard to race. Staff will be assigned from this point forward without consideration of their race or the race of their students. There is however some degree of uncertainty regarding the reappointment of already hired personnel to new schools without regard to the race of their new students. Published reports of this plan were to be made public to the general population at large. | ||
| Date(s) | 1965 - 1973 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Legal documents; Organizational Records; Pamphlets |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Middlesex County | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 96 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Mon Aug 10 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Mon Aug 10 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #4273- Angela Walker, etc., et al vs. the County School Board of Brunswick County, Virginia, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Alanitc Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School integration; Segregation in education; Virginia. Dept. of Education | |
| Additional Keywords: | "freedom-of-choice" plan; Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals | ||
| Description: | After a suit was filed on March 17, 1965 on behalf of black pupils in Brunswick County, VA in objection to the dual-system of schooling in the County, the School Board submitted to the Court a plan for desegregation. This plan, submitted on May 11, 1966, was deferred by the Court so that the Board had an opportunity to amend it, taking into account the allocation of faculty and staff (on a non-racial basis). Filed June 28 with the Clerk of Court, the amended desegregation plan first outlined the pre-registration program for first grade students entering the District. The registration was to be well-publicized and afford parents the opportunity to select the school they deemed best for their children. Those who pre-registered would receive preference over those who registered and those who registered over those who did not. The proper paperwork appears to have been available anytime prior to the commencement of a given semester. Next, upon completion of seventh grade, students were to receive paperwork that enabled them and their parents to select the school they wish to continue their education at in eighth grade. After selection and in between theses aforementioned “critical placement years,” students would automatically be assigned to the school they attended the previous semester unless they made a formal request with the County. No pupil was to be favored or penalized based on their school choice. Overcrowding was the only permitted reason for rejection of the application of preference. In the event of overcrowding, selection was to be done on a rolling basis, without racial or ethnic basis. In this event, pupils were to be assigned to their second choice school or the closest one to their residence. Extracurricular activities and transportation were to be made available to all students without prejudice. All faculty and staff were to be reassigned to schools and classrooms without racial consideration of themselves or the composition of their students. All future applicants were to be considered equally without prejudice. Additionally it was specifically stated that black teachers in formerly black schools were required to teach a given amount of courses at the previously all-white schools. A black “elementary school supervisor” and a white “Director of Instruction,” both already employed by the County, were to be retained and now share responsibility of supervising all schools in the County, the formerly all-black and all-white alike. Though the plaintiff filed a complaint advocating exceptions to the plan, it was accepted in its original form, though “no rigid formula was required,” according to the Court. | ||
| Date(s) | 1965 - 1970 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Legal documents; Organizational Records; Pamphlets |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Brunswick County | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 97 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | August 10, 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Mon Aug 10 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #4274- Stephanie V. Thompson, et al vs. the County School Board of Hanover County, VA, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | School integration; Segregation in education | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | This early 1965 case was brought to trial on behalf of the students and prospective students of Hanover County. The plaintiffs filed a class action suit asking the defendants to adopt and implement a plan, which would promptly end racial segregation in the county schools. The plaintiffs also sought attorney fees. Pupil assignments had been determined by a “dual attendance area,” derived from the Virginia Pupil Placement Act, 1950. In 1963, ten black students were assigned to white schools, the following year 18, the next one 50. Six out of a total of 16 schools had no black children in attendance at all; 12 have been designated as primarily white. Additionally, the faculty had not been integrated. When the School Board failed to act on the April, 1964 request for integration by the black community, this suit came to fruition. On March 4, 1965, the Hanover County school superintendent notified the State Superintendent of Public Instruction that the school officials intended to comply with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. On June 3, the county submitted a desegregation plan to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Two months later, the school board adopted a revised plan, which was eventually approved by the U.S. Commissioner of Education on September 3. The plan adopted was a traditional “freedom-of-choice” one, which allowed for pupils to select the school they desired without fear of negative reproductions. Those who did not submit preferences to the county would be assigned to the school nearest their home without regard to race, ethnicity or national origin. Additionally, all racial discrimination that may have existed in the assignment of teachers or administrative personnel was to cease and be reversed. Lastly, “all services, facilities, activities and programs [including transportation] affiliated with or sponsored by the school system shall be administered without regard to race, color or national origin.” The plaintiff’s request for council fees was denied and denied again upon appeal. | ||
| Date(s) | 1965 - 1973 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Legal documents; Pamphlets |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Hanover County | ||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 98 | ||
| Record added by: | Joel Feigenbaum | Date added: | Wed Aug 12 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Wed Aug 12 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | USDC, Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Action Case #4476- Francine Cole, et al vs. the County School Board of Petersburg County, VA, et al | Repository: | NARA Mid-Atlantic Region |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | Subject(s) | Busing for school integration; School integration; Segregation in education | |
| Additional Keywords: | Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals | ||
| Description: | This action, originally filed in September, 1965, aimed to desegregate the Petersburg School System, “converting its faculty, staff, transportation practices, extracurricular activities, facilities, and pupil placement to a unitary system.” The issue of whether or not the County was required to provide free transportation for all of its students was of particular issue in this case. In December, 1968, the Court approved a School Board plan to desegregate all of its schools and faculties beginning the following school year, September, 1969. By March of that year, it was determined that school system was still not a unitary one and required the defendants, at their own cost, to draw up a new plan. The subsequent June 29, 1971 plan submitted by the defendants was deemed “patently inadequate.” On the hearing date of July 5, 1971, the defendants were ordered to put into effect the plan proposed by the plaintiff’s expert witness for the Fall 1971 term. The instant motion for free transportation was also accepted by the Court contingent upon the proposed modifications of the defendants. The estimated cost if transportation was gauged to be $45.00/yr./student, amounting to a total of $140,000/yr. in transportation for the 3,138 elementary school children residing an excess of one mile from their schools and thus entitled to free transportation. Up until this point, transportation for students has been run by a private corporation charging students $.25/day to ride. An additional cost of roughly $18,000/yr. was estimated for secondary school students as only approximately 400 students qualified. The plaintiff was responsible for bearing the no less than $160,000/yr. additional burden of transportation out of their more than six million dollar/yr. budget for all elementary school students living beyond a mile of the school and secondary students beyond a mile and a half. Additionally, council fees were awarded. | ||
| Date(s) | 1965 - 1995 | Type(s) | Correspondence; Legal documents; Organizational Records; Reports |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Petersburg County | ||
| Size: | 1 Box | ||
| Submission ID: | 99 | ||
| Record added by: | Mel Frizzell | Date added: | 10/14/2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Wed Oct 14 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | Virginia Teacher's Registers for African American schools in New Kent County | Repository: | Library of Virginia |
| Creator: | Identifier: | Accession 43459 | |
| Relation: | http://www.lva.virginia.gov/agencies/records/sched_local/GS-21.pdf | Subject(s) | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | The booklets were records of achievement and attendance, and listed names of students; sex, age, grade, names of parents or guardians, their address and occupation, along with student grades and the teacher's term report (listing days taught, enrollment, attendance, and other statistical information). Restricted, for 75 years, because of privacy concerns. For 1944-1945, New Kent Training School (5 vols.); for 1950-1951, Cooks Mills School (1 vol.), Cumberland School (1 vol.), Lanexa School (1 vol.), Plum Point School (1 vol.), George W. Watkins School (6 vols.), and 1 unmarked; for 1952-1953, Cumberland School (1 vol.) and George W. Watkins School (8 vols.); for 1953-1954, Cumberland School (1 vol.), Lanexa School (1 vol.), George W. Watkins School (6 vols.), and 1 unmarked; for 1954-1955, Cumberland School (1 vol.) and George W. Watkins School (5 vols.); for 1955-1956, Cumberland School (1 vol.) and George W. Watkins School (9 vols.); for 1956-1957, George W. Watkins School (8 vols.); for 1957-1958, Cumberland School (3 vols.), Mountcastle School (1 vol.), Tunstall School (1 vol.), and Quinton School (1 vol.) George W. Watkins School was involved in a landmark civil rights case, Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 391 U.S. 430 (1968). Records transferred according to General Schedule No. 21, series 008098, Desegregation Records. | ||
| Date(s) | - | Type(s) | |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Virginia-New Kent County | ||
| Size: | 2 boxes | ||
| Submission ID: | 100 | ||
| Record added by: | Mel Frizzell | Date added: | October 14, 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Wed Oct 14 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | Principal’s Term Report of Attendance, pre-1978 | Repository: | Library of Virginia |
| Creator: | Identifier: | Accession number to be assigned | |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | This series consists of the principal’s term report of attendance, formerly known as the principal’s and head teacher’s term report. The records (approximately .45 cubic feet) includes term reports; the annual library report for elementary and secondary schools; and preliminary and final annual high school reports. These are for both white and black schools in York County, and cover the years 1933-1978. The principal’s reports list the teachers; their salaries; the number of days children attended school; and include statistical reports on the school libraries and PTAs. There are separate reports, required by the State Department of Education, on school libraries, 1933-1939, for both black and white schools. These give details on the training of library staff, the holdings of the library, and what kind of furniture was in the reading rooms, among other things. | ||
| Date(s) | - | Type(s) | |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Virginia--York County | ||
| Size: | approximately .45 cubic feet | ||
| Submission ID: | 101 | ||
| Record added by: | Mel Frizzell | Date added: | October 14, 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Wed Oct 14 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | Teachers’ Registers, 1882-1955. | Repository: | Library of Virginia |
| Creator: | Identifier: | Accession 44316 | |
| Relation: | Subject(s) | ||
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | These items came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of papers from the city of Portsmouth Public Schools. The collection is located at the State Records Center. Volumes from both black and white schools recording student names, attendance, and grades. Directions for completing the registers are listed in the front matter; teachers were required to write neatly; use “good black ink”; and record the names of their pupils alphabetically, “the boys first.” School holidays were carefully noted, including the funeral of Jefferson Davis (1889) and Decoration Day. Descriptions of the school buildings and lists of the textbooks were also recorded. Occasionally the volumes include lists of classroom visitors, indigent pupils, or student prizes for attendance and deportment. School principal and teacher Willis A. Jenkins tucked a schedule of daily exercises in his 1886 register. The day began at 9:00 with roll call and included lessons in geography, grammar, calisthenics, physiology, arithmetic, history, and writing. Thirty minutes were allowed for lunch and recess combined. Organized by school district, then by white or colored school, then by school number. | ||
| Date(s) | 1882 - 1955 | Type(s) | |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | Virginia--Portsmouth City | ||
| Size: | 154 volumes | ||
| Submission ID: | 102 | ||
| Record added by: | Mel Frizzell | Date added: | October 14, 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Wed Oct 14 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | An interview of J. Lindsay Almond | Repository: | JFK Presidential Library |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | http://www.jfklibrary.org/NR/rdonlyres/59B40018-7701-47CE-B9C8-5CB563B17452/43792/AlmondJLindsayJr_oralhistory.pdf | Subject(s) | |
| Additional Keywords: | |||
| Description: | |||
| Date(s) | - | Type(s) | |
| Access Restrictions: | |||
| Georgraphic/School Coverage: | |||
| Size: | |||
| Submission ID: | 103 | ||
| Record added by: | Mel Frizzell | Date added: | October 14, 2009 |
| Record modified by: | Date modified: | Wed Oct 14 2009 | |
| Resource Title: | The faculty papers of Ernest Trice Thompson | Repository: | Union Presbyterian Seminary |
| Creator: | Identifier: | ||
| Relation: | http://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/31/us/ernest-t-thompson-a-presbyterian-leader.html | Subject(s) | |
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| Description: | Union Presbyterian Seminary houses the faculty papers of Ernest Trice Thompson (1894-1985). He was Professor of Church History here at Union for many years, and editor of The Presbyterian Outlook; he also wrote the definitive history Presbyterians in the South (1963). ET Thompson was a strong advocate for a Social Gospel interpretation of Christian life, and therefore an early and persistent voice for desegregation, at a time when this position was a costly one within the white Southern Presbyterian Church. | ||
| Date(s) | - | Type(s) | |
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